The Who, What and Where of the Global Chocolate Industry

Cocaine and American Culture Essay - 1851 Words

Cocaine: The Molding of American Culture, 1860- 1914 Cocaine had slowly risen into American Popular Culture, starting with an appeal to the elite class and ending with the Harrison Act of 1914. Employers encouraged the use of the coca leaf among their workers to increase productivity and decrease fatigue. Early physicians would prescribe cocaine to treat everything from morphine addiction to the common cold. Cocaine became a common ingredient in consumer goods. Marketers raved about the amazing effects of cocaine in their advertisements. Early historical figures, including Thomas Edison and Pope Leo XIII, endorsed French coca wine. It was difficult to escape the grasp of cocaine’s spreading popularity. The plant from which cocaine is†¦show more content†¦Given the relevant context, it is assumed that coca was of great importance and ranked high among value to these cultures. The coca leaf does not yield the potency to deliver any type of overwhelming effect. The coca leaf in natural form gives the similar effect that a well caffeinated cup of coffee would (Arts and Entertainment Network). It wasn’t until Albert Niemann, a German scientist, extracted and processed the coca leaf ingredients, would it become a potent drug. In 1860, Niemann would rename the results of his extraction, cocaine (Arts and Entertainment Network). In 1863, coca arrives on United States’ shores as an ingredient in a French wine, Vin Mariani. The wine was very successful with consumers. Popular figures, Thomas Edison, and Pope Leo XIII, endorsed Vin Mariani (Spillane 2). President Ulysses Grant would habitually drink the coca wine, to ease the pain of throat cancer, while writing his memoirs (Arts and Entertainment Network). Mark Twain often delivered the cocaine wine to President Grant and indulged alongside him (Arts and Entertainment Network). American physicians begin to use cocaine in medical practices. Cocaine was identified as a drug that depresses the central nervous system; however it had the exact op posite affect. The only general anesthetics available to physicians were chloroform and ether. These anesthetics would induce retching or vomit and did little for pain. Operations that required precision and detailShow MoreRelatedCrack : American Pop Culture1036 Words   |  5 PagesCrack Crack: American pop culture has lots of references to this drug in its music (crack rap), its movies (Jungle Fever), and its books (Diary of a Crack Addict’s Wife): It is a drug that has twisted its way into the fabric of our culture, and about 6 million of us have smoked it, at a significant risk to our health. Indeed, the National Vital Statistics System estimates that over 6,000 Americans die every year as a result of using cocaine, including crack cocaine, and 167, 914 Americans entered cocaineRead MoreHip Hop and the Crack Epidemic1701 Words   |  7 Pagessmokable form of cocaine, called crack, had been introduced to the United States. Crack, was highly-addictive and swept through impoverished areas of cities such as New York, Los Angeles, Oakland, and Miami. In the end it caused devastating effects for black and Latino Americans. As crack cocaine was becoming a grim and rising epidemic, hip hop was evolving alongside it. It was in the 1980s that crack cocaine and hip hop became the two leading fundamentals of urban street culture. It is not suggestedRead MoreThe Impact Of Latin American Culture On Latin America1656 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative thing, this one is not. In this war there are negatives, but the positives far outweigh them. Latin American countries have witnessed t he very noticeable benefits of the drug trade in many aspects of everyday life. The use and production of drugs is important to Latin American culture, brings communities together, and creates large amounts of revenue for the economy. Latin American countries have been using drugs for religious and cultural activities, and for hunger and discomfort reliefRead MoreHistory, Social Factors and Economic Impac of the Prohibition of Alcohol in the United States1490 Words   |  6 Pagesto the current drug policies of cocaine in the United States. Alcohol and cocaine were both prohibited in the United States in the early 1900’s. Cocaine was used as an anesthesia and medication in the early days of America until the drug was abused, and the legislature of the day deemed cocaine a dangerous drug. Americans would lose interest in cocaine until the 1960’s and then the drug would become even more popular in the 1980’s (Spillane, 1998). Today cocaine is one of the most prominent substancesRead MoreEssay On Crack Cocaine1178 Words   |  5 PagesCrack Cocaine the drug that has impacted so many lives; especially the life of rappers. Crack Cocaine is the refined result of cocoa leaves. However, crack c ocaine was not developed until the cocaine boom of 1970. Large shipments of this drug was now making its way into the inner cities of the United States, and the majority of residents living in those inner cities were African American. Black on black crime was now more common than ever, incarceration within the black community was skyrocketingRead MoreDrugs and Alcohol in the Criminal Justice System1396 Words   |  6 Pagesalways had the desire to use substances to make them feel relaxed or stimulated. So because drugs and alcohol have always been existent, they have always been a part of our American culture through politics, media and advertising, and other American concepts. The time period of 1950-2000 was exceptionally active for American culture, and there were many turning points in research and knowledge, legislature, media, and how the general public viewed drug and alcohol use. From approximately 1950-1980Read MoreThe War On Drugs : American Foreign And Domestic Policy1676 Words   |  7 Pagesmandatory sentencing and no-knock warrants. . The War on Drugs has been a centerpiece of American foreign and domestic policy. The rhetoric of war shaped the impact of methods. Not only does war require military strategies, but an enemy as well. In this case it was easy to construct African Americans and people of color as the enemy in the War on Drugs. These are the groups that the majority of white Americans have always viewed as the source of crime. President Reagan’s anti drug rhetoric was skillfullyRead MoreThe American War On Drugs1598 Words   |  7 Pages The American â€Å"War on Drugs† war created to keep an exorbitant amount of people behind bars, and in a subservient status. First, America has a storied history when it comes to marijuana use. However, within the last 50 years legislation pertaining to drug use and punishment has incr eased significantly. In the modern era, especially hard times have hit minority communities thanks to these drug laws. While being unfairly targeted by drug laws and law enforcement, minorities in America are havingRead MoreEssay about The Crack Cocaine Epidemic of the Mid 1980s1382 Words   |  6 Pagesstatement is fueled by the growing abuse of cocaine in the mid 1980s. I shall discuss the effects of the crack cocaine epidemic of the mid 1980s from a cultural and social stand point because on that decade this country moved to the rhythms and the pace of this uncanny drug. Cocaine took its told on American society by in the 1980s; it ravaged with every social group, race, class, etc. It reigned over the United States without any prejudices. Crack cocaine was the way into urban society, because ofRead MoreOpen Veins of Latin America by Eduardo Galeano1585 Words   |  7 PagesLatin Americans in his 1973 book Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Contin ent. Galeano takes a historical approach and examines colonial and post-colonial interactions between Europeans and Latin Americans. He asserts that the native Latin Americans were essentially powerless to fight this exploitation because of the dominance of the European powers. In his 2008 book Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global Drug, Paul Gootenberg writes about the discovery of cocaine and

Solar Panels A list of Items Related to Solar Energy

Solar Panel Solar panel is the interconnection of number of solar module to get efficient power. Solar panel is made up of solar cells. Earlier solar cells are of low efficiency and large in size but now a day very high efficient solar cells are available. Solar cell prize much higher, it is difficult to afford solar energy. Solar Cell: Solar cell is a structure that directly converts solar energy into DC electrical energy. Solar cell acts as battery because it supplies DC energy. History: First time solar cell was developed by French Scientist Antoine-Becquerel in 1839. Becquerel obseved photovoltaic while experementing with electrolyte solution. In 1941 first silicon cell was demonstrated, but research on modren solar cell was started in 1954. Solar Cell Output: Solar cell produces .7 volts, size of solar cell do not effect on the efficiency of solar cell. No matter how much large and small in size. More current will produce when surface area is large and less current will produce when surface area is small. If we need more battery charging power, we need high output cells. Solar cells directly produces dc current. Function Of Series And Parallel Cells: Series Solar Cells: Series wiring is when you connect positive terminal of one end to negative terminal of another end . After connecting terminals we will obtain higher voltage (the sum of voltage from the panels) while the amps stay the same. Parallel Solar Cells: Parallel wiring is when youShow MoreRelatedPerceptions Of Solar Energy6946 Words   |  28 Pagesunderstanding of the overall opinions and perceptions of rural South Carolinians regarding solar energy. Survey respondents were drawn from a database of the twenty rural electric cooperatives that operate throughout the state and in each of the state’s 46 counties. Of specific interest was the preference for solar power installations on the property of the member-consumer versus interest in a community solar program that would be located within the community but not on an individual’s property.Read MoreLab Report : Manufacturing Of Solar Cells3824 Words   |  16 Pagesâ€Å"MANUFACTURING OF SOLAR CELLS† Summer Intern Project-2014, BHEL ASSCP, Gurgaon. Submitted to:- Dr. Abhishek Verma Amity Institute of Renewable and Alternative Energy Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Noida Campus) Submitted By:- Nitin Pal A6429711009 Amity Institute of Renewable and Alternative Energy Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Noida Campus) Preface This report documents the work done during Summer internship at BHEL ASSCP(Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Plant). TheRead MoreSustainable Living3906 Words   |  16 Pageslifestyle that attempts to reduce an individual s or society s use of the earth s natural resources and his/her own resources. Practitioners of sustainable living often attempt to reduce their â€Å"carbon footprint† by altering methods of transportation, energy consumption and diet. Proponents of sustainable living aim to conduct their lives in ways that are consistent with sustainability, in natural balance and respectful of humanity s symbiotic relationship with the earth s natural ecology and cyclesRead MoreCase Study: Managing for Organizational Integrity5900 Words   |  24 Pagespeople in working and enjoying freely. 6. Safeguarding the people needs and necessities and maintain secure place to live in. The project is on the Blacktown City council, Department of planning Engineering Team’s proposal of the ‘promotion of solar city products’ initiatives. 2. Effective use of the information system is the key for the success of the company so that it is extremely necessary to ensure the effective use of organisational information systems. In case if the information is notRead MoreSustainable Building Material...24522 Words   |  99 PagesGrading Paving Resource Efficient Landscapes 8 9 Structural Elements Earthen Building Materials Straw Bale Construction Concrete Concrete Formwork Pervious Concrete Insulated Structural Systems Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs) Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) Advanced Framing Techniques Lumber Engineered Wood FSC Certified Wood 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 Exterior Elements Decks Fencing Recycled Plastic Lumber Roofing Metal Roofing Recycled-Content Roofing Green (â€Å"Living†) Roofs SidingRead MoreSustainability in Mauritius7180 Words   |  29 Pagesamp; egg issue * Working on an internet portal aimed to bring together students from all colleges which would help creating a new generation of young people who would care more about civic topics, like environment protection and other issues related to a better society. * The boys from Sir Leckraz Teelock SSS built a wind turbine capable of producing 1 kWh of electricity – enough to switch on 100 electric bulbs * The school authorities launch several projects – green school project – theRead MoreUS Intelligence Sees Cyber Threats Eclipsing Terrorism: An Analysis6653 Words   |  27 Pagessystem. Today, and especially after the 2001 terrorist attacks over the United States, the issue of terrorism has become rather debated and is seen as the main threat to security. Even so, recent events have placed yet another major threat on top of the list of menaces to national and international security. Cyber threats are nowadays one of the most important aspects to be taken into account when drafting security policies and dealing with risks at the level of the state or the international securityRead MoreCost Of Renewables In Russia Case Study6040 Words   |  25 PagesCosts of renewables in Russia The cost of all types of renewable energy has been steadily decreasing during over the last decade. Technological advancements and economy of scale are the major drivers of the decreasing costs. The evolution of electricity generation cost from onshore wind turbines is presented in Fig. 20.[footnoteRef:1] For instance, the cost of wind turbines (6 meters per second) reduced by 39% in 10 years. Today in Russia, the average capital cost of photovoltaic is estimated atRead MoreWoolworths Supply Chain5368 Words   |  22 Pagesfocused on employee retention, Woolworths has been unable to focus on other key areas in its operations namely not being able to meet their energy reduction targets (Woolworths Holdings Limited, 2012). This could directly lead to increased costs in electricity usage, as well as hurt corporate image as Woolworths has been dubbed the â€Å"green grocer† for their energy reduction and sustainability program contributions to society (Woolworths Holdings Limited , 2012). Another weakness Woolworths faces is theirRead MoreReporting And Disclosure : Measurement And Control3717 Words   |  15 PagesGlobal Reporting Initiative is one of numerous samples of very much perceived reporting models; Life cycle investigation: Those associations needing to take a substantial jump forward ought to methodically examine the natural and social effect of the items they utilize and create through life cycle examination, which measure all the more precisely effects. Firms that are practical have been shown to draw in and hold delegates more smoothly and experience less budgetary and reputation danger. These associations

Standardized Tests Should Not Be The Standard - 1321 Words

I’ve always done exceptionally well on standardized tests. Whether it was the WKCE, the PSAT, or the SAT, I excelled at multiple choice, fill-in-the-bubble tests. When it came time for me to take the ACT, I knew going into it that I had that test in the bag. I came out with much better than average scores, scoring a 28 on the overall test, much better than most of my peers. Though math was never my strongest subject in high school, I had still managed to pull a score of 25 on the math section of the test. When I got to college, I was put in the normal, freshman level math class. My roommate, who had scored only a 20 on the math section of her ACT, was in Statistics, which is a slightly harder class. I thought I had my class in the bag.†¦show more content†¦This focus on only a few subjects will have detrimental effects on the well roundedness of the education students receive. Teaching to the test also causes teachers to spend less time on more creative parts of the c lassroom. If there is something that the teacher thinks is important and will help the students grow as people, but it won’t be on the test, the teacher has no incentive to talk about it. Because of the high stakes of and pressure to succeed on Standardized tests, many students, teachers, and even school administrations have resulted to cheating to improve their score. In the movie The Perfect Score, a group of students steal the answers to the SAT because they are all so desperate to get good scores on it and get into the schools they want to go to. In it, one of the characters says (in reference to stealing the answers) â€Å"It’s a victimless crime† (). This shows how students are willing to do whatever it takes to score well on these tests, since the stakes are so high. They also don’t think that cheating on these tests has a negative effect on anybody else, causing them to cheat more often. In Atlanta during the 2012-2013 school year, a cheating scandal was uncovered that turned out to be one of the biggest cheating scandals in recent history. In the past 10 years, Atlanta had shown some of the biggest improvements in any district in test sco res. After the scandal was discovered, there was no way of measuring how much the schools hadShow MoreRelatedStandardized Tests Are Not A Fair1709 Words   |  7 PagesEssay One Standardized tests have been around for a very long time, and they are probably going to be around for a long time to come. Testing students does provide information about a school district, student, and teacher, but it is definitely not the entire picture. Everyone would probably agree that the results of one test would not be a fair evaluation of the student. In order to fairly evaluate a student, grades, tests scores, and progress should all be considered. Teachers should be evaluatedRead More The Controversy of Standardized Testing Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesControversy of Standardized Testing â€Å"No issue in the U.S. Education is more controversial than (standardized) testing. Some people view it as the linchpin of serious reform and improvement, others as a menace to quality teaching and learning† (Phelps). A tool that educators use to learn about students and their learning capabilities is the standardized test. Standardized tests are designed to give a common measure of a student’s performance. Popular tests include the SAT, IQ tests, Regents ExamsRead MoreStandardized Testing Essay examples1573 Words   |  7 PagesStandardized Testing Every year thousands upon thousands of children, ages seven and upwards sit down to take their scheduled standardized tests. This generation has been classified as the most tested in history. Its progress through childhood and adolescence has been punctuated by targets, key stages, attainment levels, and qualifications (Stalin in School 8). Each year the government devises a new standard and then finds a way to test how each student measures up to this standard. TheyRead MoreStandard Based Learning And Its Impact On Education1371 Words   |  6 PagesStandard based learning has led to the demise of public education for years. Standard based learning is an educational system that measures students’ achievement and mastery of skills by their performance on assessments. Institutions that implement standard based learning use learning standards that explicitly describe what students should theoretically know and what lessons that educators should teach. The learning standards were created to define the adeptness of the students, ensure the retentionRead MorePublic Education and Standard Testing882 Words   |  4 Pages For students to be able to do well on standardized test they rely on their teachers. Several teachers interviewed said they spent hours of extra planning time and hundreds of dollars to create more interesting lessons. They said they must be supremely organized and strict enforcers of classroom rules. (Watanabe). Some teachers are pressured to the point that they make education all about the test and up to the test. The pressure to improve students test performance in California and across the countryRead MoreEssay on Standardized Testing a Failure in Education1335 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized testing scores proficiencies in most generally accepted curricular areas. The margin of error is too great to call this method effective. â€Å"High test scores are generally related to things other than the actual quality of education students are receiving† (Kohn 7). â€Å"Only recently have test scores been published in the news-paper and used as the primary criteria for judgin g children, teachers, and schools.†(2) Standardized testing is a great travesty imposed upon the American Public SchoolRead More An Examination of Standardized Testing Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesDo standardized tests really improve the quality of public education? For years they have been used to judge schools academic performance and assess the needs of students. No longer can illiterates be graduated from high school. No longer can teachers pass a student from one grade to another without having taught that student anything (Spellings). While these advances are beneficial, standardized exams often hurt already disadvantaged schools, promote states to lower their standards of educationRead More Standardized Testing Essay example1558 Words   |  7 PagesStandardized Testing Every year thousands upon thousands of children, ages seven and upwards sit down to take their scheduled standardized tests. This generation has been classified as the most tested in history. Its progress through childhood and adolescence has been punctuated by targets, key stages, attainment levels, and qualifications (Stalin in School 8). Each year the government devises a new standard and then finds a way to test how each student measures up to this standard. TheyRead MoreIt’s Time to Abolish the ACT and SAT Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagesgirl represents many students who are not successful at taking standardized tests because they have not developed the advanced skills required to take a test like the ACT or SAT. An academically motivated and responsible student should not be prevented from attending college because a standard test is not his or her standard. The current methods of testing for the ACT or SAT should be abolished and replaced with modified and less standard questions to better measure a students learning potentialRead MoreStandardized Testing and Curriculum Standards Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesStandardized Testing and Curriculum Standards It cannot be said that all assessments are unnecessary and academically limiting for students. If teachers are to know their students’ strengths and weaknesses, they must formulate a way in which to assess their knowledge. In order to create a curriculum adherent to the most specific needs of a teacher’s class, assessment must play a role when devising the course of action for the academics taught. This does not mean that all standardized testing is

Understanding Of The Growth Of The Tourismâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Understanding Of The Growth Of The Tourism? Answer: Introducation This research report has helped me to gain understanding of the growth of the tourism industry of Australia. For the purpose of taking business decision related to opening of a travel agency in Australia, I got the knowledge regarding different aspects that need to be considering for making decisions related to opening of a new venture. I got the understanding that there is a need to analyze the number of businesses existed in the industry along with the revenue generated by the industry. Besides this analyze the marketing condition of different cities in which the business has a growth potential in order to make decision related to opening up of a new business (Thomas, 2013). Along with this, it has also improved my analytical and statistical analysis which is being used to analyze the collected data to make informed decision. In addition to this, I also gained experience related to different conflicts that can be arise in the team and the strategies that can be adopted top effectively deal with such problems or conflicts. This has also helped me to develop the skills required to perform different functions in MS Excel. I have also improved my presentation and communication skills which are used in accelerating my professional growth. I have also learnt that there is a need to coordinate with other team members in an effective manner in order to accomplish the given task in a successful manner. In addition to this, I have also gained information related to the licensing and legal requirements to be complied with in order to open a tourism business in Australia. Second Reflection This report has contributed significantly in developing my knowledge about developing and establishing the tourism industry in Australia. Developing a tourism industry in Australia requires compliance with several types of requirements. In order to develop a tourism industry, a lot of research has been conducted. Various forms of data for the past ten years have been collected from the various sources like journals, articles, magazines. On the basis of data collected in the report, it can be said that tourism sector has been comprised the most important sector of the Australian economy (Forsyth, et al., 2014). Tourism industry provides facilities to both domestic and international tourists. It also contributes a major portion in GDP. In this report, information related to different segments of visitors has been gathered. The data relating to revenues of the tourism sector for the past ten years and growth rate has been analysed. Various types of statistical tools have also been used in order to represent the data. Various types of statistical calculations have also been done in order to find out various measures in order to reach to a conclusion (Tribe, 2015). According to the statistical tools applied in the calculations, a positive outcome has been found in every aspect. There are so many services that are provided by tour operators using the online and offline mode. The company is required to provide all the services at the competitive prices (prices lower than the competitors price). Third Reflection While doing this report, I have gained knowledge regarding the tour and travel industry in terms of growth potential, investment done, government regulations and so on. Besides this, there is an improvement in my researching skills as there is a need to research relevant information related to the tourism industry. I have also learnt that the use of Tuckman model of team development to form an effective team. This project also helped in improving my presentation and communication skills as there is a need to take full participation in different activities by sharing of the views and opinions in order to make effective decisions (Wagen, 2015). I have also learnt that there is a need to allocate different roles and responsibilities to the members of the team as per their abilities, skills and interests which helps in increasing their productivity. It has also helped in improving my analytical skills as I have learnt the use of different statistical tools and its interpretation such as regression analysis which is used to make effective decisions. This also helped in enhancing the time management skills as there is a need to complete the task in a given time frame in order to attain the objectives of the team effectively. Besides this, I have also developed problem solving skills as there is a occurrence of conflicts among the team members due to the existence of difference in their opinions due to which there is a requirement to solve the problems in an effective manner. References Forsyth, P., Dwyer, L., Spurr, R. Pham, T. (2014). The impacts of Australia's departure tax: Tourism versus the economy. Tourism Management, 40, 126-136. Thomas, R. (2013). Small Firms in Tourism. UK: Routledge. Tribe, J. (2015). The economics of recreation, leisure and tourism. UK: Routledge. Wagen, L.V.D. (2015). Events Tourism Essentials. Australia: Pearson Higher Education AU.

Information system (IS) can be... free essay sample

Information system (IS) can be defined as an organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications networks, data resources, and policies and procedures that stores, retrieves, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization. Today, we mainly depend on IS to communicate worldwide in a more effective and efficient way using a variety of physical devices (hardware) , information processing instructions and procedures (software) , communications channels (networks) , and stored data (data resources) according to OBrien, ;Marakas, 2007.Hasan ;Shamsuddin;Aziati (2013), are category that there is more stress on most organizations to make their operational, tactical, and strategic processes to become more efficient and effective with the growth of a competitive global environment. Therefore, an information system (IS) is also a group of components which can increase competitiveness and gain better information for decision making. In addition to supporting decision making, coordination, and control, information systems may also help managers and workers to analyze problems, visualize complex subjects, and create new products. Information system has been of immense help to the organisation during the year 1960s with the transformation of office automation to replace manual task. The backbone of office automation is a LAN, which allows users to transmit data, mail and even voice across the network. All office functions, including dictation, typing, filing, copying, fax, Telex, microfilm and records management, telephone and telephone switchboard operations, fall into this category. However the use of IS was mostly to perform activities like transaction processing, recordkeeping, and produce meaningful reports and it was mainly used for electronic data processing (EDP).EDP is described as the use of computers in recording, classifying, manipulating, and summarizing data. It is also called information processing or automatic data processing. Record-KeepingTo take corrective action, all company need records of its activities for financial and regulatory purposes as well as for finding the causes of problems. Information system uses a data warehouse which is a single, complete and consistent manner, where data are obtained from a variety of different sources made available to end users in what they can understand and use in a business context. Microsoft office software (word and excel) is an example of such tool that can read, amend, search or add any data by using the system to process and present it as useful, present or historical information. Today the need of such information is utmost important to prepare cost estimates and forecasts and to analyze how our actions affected the company key indicators. In the account department, for example, it helps manage invoices, paying, collecting and reporting with consistency and performing to the highest standards. Data which are stored in the information system, allow user to later search, use, update or delete. Even in the administrative area information system were integrated with the accounting and financial system to increase efficiency. It reduces the number of tasks that would otherwise need to do manually. IS helps to gain more time to work on more value added project to the business, allowing organization to become innovator and giving more incentive. Some examples and advantages of record keeping are:†¢ It helps you record business transactions, including income and expenses, payments to workers, and stock and asset details.†¢ Less storage space are required therefore it is Efficient way to keep financial records. †¢ It helps by providing the recording a sale when you raise an invoice, not when you receive a cash payment from a client.†¢ Easy to generate orders, invoices, debtor reports, financial statements, employee pay records, inventory reports.†¢ It provides quick reporting functions.†¢ Back up records and keep them in a safe place in case of fire or theft is one of its powerful toolsDecision-MakingIn most organization, information system can help to make better decisions by delivering all the required information and by modeling the results of their decisions. This includes choosing a path of action from a number of options and carrying out the equivalent tasks. Accurate and up-to-date information gives more confidence for decision making. One can use the information system to run different scenarios if more than one choice looks appealing. To determine key indicators such as sales, costs and profits, the system can help you determine which alternative gives the most advantageous result for each possibility. Time-keeping Normally workers who work per hour are paid in accordance to their working hours during the pay period. A time-keeping system is used by the employer to calculate hours and pay hourly employees accordingly. However, it is critical to input each employees time as accurate as possible. An employer uses a time clock to track work hours of his employee. Therefore, we require a manual payroll system for computing the time clock data by hand; this result to likelihood of mistakes. On the other hand an automated time-keeping system allows the employer to import time clock data into payroll software. Nowadays, to clock in and out, the employee uses a swipe card or badge, or the hand print or fingerprint method. It is an online processing method, once there is an input, the entries go immediately into the payroll software, and the software calculates the time worked. In the payroll department the operating staff member should ensure the time is transported appropriately and gives the go ahead to the software to do the operation.Some examples of Payroll software are QuickBooks, PenSoft, Z-Pay, Ultipro and Sage Peachtree which calculates gross-to-net earnings based data received. It is therefore utmost important that input are accurate so as to have good result. Davoren,( 2018)Implementation of MRP/ERPAnother evolution of IS, is in the field of manufacturing through the introduction of Material Requirements Planning (MRP) in the year 70s-80s. The MRP is a computerized inventory management system that helps production managers plan and schedule the purchase of raw materials and com ponent parts for manufacturing facilities. The (MRP) combined data from both production schedules and inventory system and the bill of materials (BOM) to calculate purchasing and shipping schedules for good, services and works. Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) and Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II), later evolved into ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)The ERP are applied in the areas such as:? The Accounting department (account payable/receivable etc)? The Human resources department (payroll, time sheets, training etc)? The Manufacturing process (bill of materials, QC, managing the manufacturing process etc)? The Supply chain management (stock control, purchasing, scheduling)? Customer relationship management (sales and marketing, support and customer service)? Project management (managing costs, forecasting, time and activities)? The quality assurance management (verification of product specification before giving release)? Data warehousing (document management: Track both short-term and long-term data in the wo rld of financial plans, workforce allocation plans, marketing, inventory, and other aspects of business)Benefit of ERP system in an organization: Source: www.workwisellc.comOperations ManagementTo manage your companys operations depends largely on the information you have. Todays Information systems can offer full and up to date information, so that you can operate your company more efficiently. Information systems can be used to gain more cost advantage and differentiate yourself to your competitors by offering better customer service. For example sales data give you indication about what customers are procuring and let you replenish items that are selling well. With information system, you can streamline your operations (organization or system) more efficient and effective by promoting faster or simpler working methods. However to achieve the maximum benefits from your companys information system, you have to exploit all its capacities. Greater advantage is achieved with Information systems by processing the data from company inputs to generate data that is useful for managing and controlling your operations. The following steps can be taken to increase the information systems effectiveness; more data can be added to make the information more precise or use the information in a new way.? Production efficiency –investing on a fully automated machine that will render production more efficient since no thinking is needed by the machine, therefore less human error and no losses. ? Accuracy and reliability – once an automated machine is programmed to perform a task over and over again, the accuracy and reliability compared to an i ndividual is far greater.? Reducing human error – since no one is perfect, and we are all prone to making mistakes. This is the reason why a machine that performs repeated tasks is less likely to make mistakes than an individual.? Reduce costs – introducing automated machines to an operation, means less employees are needed to get the job done. It also indicates less safety issues, which leads to financial savings. With less people are employed, there are numerous costs that are diminished or reduced such as payroll, benefits, sick days.? Increased safety – with automated machines means having less employees who perform tasks that can be dangerous and prone to injury, which can make the work environment safer.? Increase in production volume – investing in automated equipment creates a valuable resource for large production volumes, which in turn, will increase profitability.Communication SystemsThe routine task of management is gathering and sharing of information, and information systems can make this process more efficient by allowing managers to communicate rapidly. Todays managers can use information systems even more efficiently by storing documents in folders on a shared files using network, that they share with the employees who need information The use of email, video conferencing, video call are quick and effective. Each employee can communicate additional information by making changes that the system tracks. The manager collects the inputs and sends the newly revised document to his target audience. This type of communication lets employees, customers and suppliers collaborate in a systematic and efficient way. Markgraf, (Updated 2018)To ConcludeImplementing information systems within an organization can prove to be costly. Implementation costs include not only installation of the systems but also employee training sessions. Most of the time, employees may see the innovation of an existing systems as an unwarranted change and, thus, may resist this change. Very often resistance to such changes can led business operations inactive and thus harming the business. Therefore the organization should have strong leadership in place to assess the adequacy of the decision to have an information system. As well as to guide the company through such transition phase and weigh information systems cost against the potential benefits.

Timelessness free essay sample

In first grade, I decided exactly what I was destined to be: the President of the United States. Being the list-maker that I am, I had all of the major steps planned by fourth grade. #1. Attend a prestigious college. #2. Become diplomat. #3. Become Secretary of State. #4. Run for President. #5 Win. My childhood idol was Condoleeza Rice. Rice speaks Russian; I decided to learn Mandarin Chinese. Rice is a concert pianist; I decided to sing. I realized through voice lessons how intensely I relish in music, how incredible I feel when contributing to a song through my voice. I felt such honor when allowing my voice to duet with a piano, or with an acoustic guitar. Singing proved simply infatuating, it set every fragment of me free†¦my voice, my brain, my body. Nothing could replace the planting of my feet to the ground, standing tall, and releasing music to the sky, a sound uniquely mine. We will write a custom essay sample on Timelessness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I discovered the gift a true passion can give: timelessness. I auditioned for a show, and received the honor of singing the classic, â€Å"Somewhere Over the Rainbow.† The director proved tough, and I occasionally got yelled at†¦but strangely, I liked it. I studied my character, and began to understand how she needed and deserved to be played. I was not going to let her down. Again, the timelessness occurred: rehearsal would fly by, and performances were over before I felt they had even begun. Regardless, my dreams of becoming the President did not waver. I had an agenda. Singing was to be my hobby, not my career. It’s odd how three short hours changed the path of my life. I saw Wicked. Wicked is the Harry Potter of musicals, a piece almost everybody loves, even if not an avid reader or musical enthusiast. Wicked of course, became quite popular, with 90% of my pre-teen friends knowing every lyric to the famous â€Å"Defying Gravity† and â€Å"Popular†. I loved the music, the lines, the characters, but it was one element that essentially changed my life. Stephanie J. Block. Suspended grandly in the air, I did not see Elphaba. I saw a stunning woman painted green, engrossed in her passion†¦experiencing absolute timelessness. This actress was free, she was lost, she was feeling what I found myself feeling when I sing. I couldn’t peel my eyes away. I saw her and knew that is what I wanted. More importantly, I knew that is what I needed. I couldn’t be fulfilled without it. I needed to sing with every fiber of my being. I longed to have Stephanie’s skill, with Kristin Chenoweth’s proud soprano ring. I yearned for technique, for perfection. That night, I had an epiphany. Theatre is marketing, allowing people to believe what you want them to, communication, and acting. Exactly the principles that embody politics! But with theatre I could sing every day. I revised my list a little bit. Perhaps I could fo llow in Ronald Reagan’s footsteps, instead? Theatre first, then politics.

Diversity Management in Multinational Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Diversity Management in Multinational Organizations. Answer: Introduction: Simply defined, Workplace diversity refers to the variety of differences between people in an organization. This definition appears so simple; however, there are vats implications of diversity management at workplace. The concept of diversity management may sound simple, but diversity encompasses race, gender, ethnic group, age, personality, cognitive style, tenure, organizational function, education, background and more. Workplace diversity and diversity management is a vast field and this paper would focus on diversity management in multicultural environment (Lauring, 2013). The use of diversity management is pretty much more important for multinational organizations as they would have the people from different cultures and backgrounds. Cultural diversity requires that people understand and respect the cultures and values of other cultures. Changing societal trends require that organizations respond responsibly, respectfully, and ethically to accommodate the new trends. According to research completed by (Resick, Hanges, Dickson, Mitchelson, 2006) there are some universal understandings of diversity management that makes it a little easier to implement in the global context. The universal concepts that they listed are freedom to employees, increase adaptability, effective communication and change management encouragement (Resick et al., 2006). The research concluded that these four concepts are global, but are valued at varying degrees across cultures so leaders need to ensure that they are aware of the cultural expectations throughout the decision-making process (Resick et al., 2006). There was a time when people used to believe that diversity management can be ignored as it is not linked with organizational performance and employee productivity. However, this view has changed and today organizations have realized that by allowing employees to be creative and include ideas and creations that they would be willing to pay for affords companies the ability to stay ahead (Alcazar Romero, 2013). Employees are more plugged in to the social network and have a better idea of what consumers want. The diversity management approach can be helpful in many ways. With this approach in place, Daft, (2015) explains that it combines both the organic and mechanic organizational structures together for multinational organizations. This is done by allowing freedom of information to flow in the organization as seen in organic organizations, but still implement an order of hierarchy as seen in mechanic organizational structure. Groschl, (2011) shares the example of Toyota that has mastered the art of diversity management. They allowed young staff members the freedom to review old technology and discover how new technology could advance the organization but they still reported up to a senior member in the organization. The diversity management approach worked being that it allowed the change to not hold back but to conduct work in manner that was once not used in the organization and at one time could have been seen to break the rules. By allowing this, Toyota could remain competitive in t he market and adapt to change by presenting better technology in vehicles. The focus on diversity management enabled Toyota to get the best talent from the market. With this approach, Toyota use the geocentric approach of recruitment and recruited the people across the globe irrespective of their cultural backgrounds (Benschop Holgersson, 2015). Sarkees, et al. (2010) shares that the diversity management approach is most helpful when needing change. This is so because when organization find themselves struggling in the market, the diversity management approach aids in avoiding pitfalls and reaching more functional levels. The diversity management approach is most helpful because it allows organizations to explore new opportunities and methods they can implement in the organization while maintaining in the current market (Sarkees, et al. 2010). Sarkees, et al. (2010) states that the diversity management approach has been successful in organizations implementing change by forming new and more effective marketing strategies and increasing the level of performance in the organization. According to Daft, Murphy, and Willmott (2010), organizations using a diversity management approach strive to create systems and management structures that support both the development and the implementation of innovative ideas. According to Karrer and Fleck (2015), a diversity management approach is necessary to balance the inherent conflict between an organizations creative arm and organizational divisions responsible for maintaining current organizational processes. It would be correct to say that leaders also have an important role to play to establish and to create a culture of diversity management. Tarody, (2016) suggest the concern of making a definite choice is a challenge between the exploration of trade off and exploring another create dependencies where leadership is distracted in the decision-making and leads to inappropriate adaptations when explicit choices have to be made. Moreover, Tarody, (2016) suggest contradictions in the subfields of diversity management; structu ral and contextual ambidexterity is not a simple case of exportation-exploitation due to the difference in leadership competencies systems, processes, cultures, incentives need to be created, maintained, held together and internally aligned with the strategic intent articulated at the structural level. From my experiences, when all of those are not in place, it can create the misalignment of the strategy intent even though each is acting independently to create the coordination requisite mechanism of leadership. Research by OReilly and Tushman (2013) suggests that use of organizational ambidexterity places organizations in a position to explore and exploit (p.324) the elements of both mature and new technologies in the marketplace. A diversity management approach can be beneficial in a situation such as Dell, Inc. and their attempt to revitalize their company (Daft, 2015). With the recurring reference that the type of organizational structure used is dependent on the life cycle stage the organization is operating in (Quinn Cameron, 1983), the use of ambidextrous approach is beneficial at some points and not feasible at others. In the transformation Dell is taking with their new areas of development, using a diversity management approach enables the company to seize the new opportunities as they reorganize, and exploit the resources the company has developed over the term of its growth (OReilly Tushman, 2013). The challenge is discovering the proper way to leverage the resources without inf ringing on the autonomy of the new departments. In this scenario, another approach would probably not be beneficial. Dell has found that bureaucracy lends to mechanistic operations, which leads to declines in market share and innovation (Kersten, 2000). If an organization were in the early stages of its life cycle, the ambidextrous approach would not be one that fits. The organization would not have the resources available to exploit within their own group. It would be correct to say that diversity management should be used wisely within the organizations. The management should be careful while developing and implementing the diversity management policies. It is important that the people from any cultural background should not get offended with any of the policies (Janssens Zanoni, 2014). It is suggested that the management should take a step-wise or a gradual approach to implement the diversity management strategies. This approach is definitely one that fits in organizations who have longevity and the experience from which new departments can glean information. The previous review of Dell, Inc. is another example of an organization that would benefit from a diversity management approach. In fact, it would be correct to say that any organizations that has a global presence and that has the employees from various cultural and diverse backgrounds would be benefited with the approach of diversity management. Making a diversity management approach can be helpful when changing organizational structure because this approach provides a different perspective to how an organization grows. There are a series of events which follow when making a structural change. For starters, is it important that they follow a series of events that are specific to the desired change. (Jones, 2013) these changes can be difficult because they challenge existing power and authority relationships (Jones, 2013) this approach is most needed when an organization is stagnant in the growth when the COE or leader of the organization decides to stop leading or should people say thinking from the days of old then they will soon begin to think out of the box regarding the organizational structure and change. According to OReilly and Tushman (2004) for organizations to have effective diverse culture the organizations leadership and managers must operate with a diverse methodology even if team members do not contribute much to diversity. A diversity man agement approach creates a competitive advantage through revolutionary change and evolutionary change (Bleijenbergh Peters, 2010). Conversely, organizations which create a competitive advantage through adaptability and alignment are deemed highly diverse organizations. 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Kersten, A. (2000). Diversity management: Dialogue, dialectics and diversion.Journal of Organizational Change Management,13(3), 235-248. Lauring, J. (2013). International diversity management: Global ideals and local responses.British Journal of Management,24(2), 211-224. Martn Alcazar, F., Miguel Romero Fernndez, P., Snchez Gardey, G. (2013). Workforce diversity in strategic human resource management models: A critical review of the literature and implications for future research. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 20(1), 39-49. O'Reilly, C. I., Tushman, M. L. (2013). Organizational ambidexterity: Past, present, and future.The Academy Of Management Perspectives, 27(4), 324-338. Resick, C. J., Hanges, P. J., Dickson, M. W., Mitchelson, J. K. (2006). A cross-cultural examination of the endorsement of ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 63(4), 345. Sarkees, M., Hulland, J., Prescott, J. (2010). Ambidextrous organizations and firm performance: the role of marketing function implementation.Journal Of Strategic Marketing,18(2), 165-184. Tarody, D. (2016). Organizational ambidexterity as a new research paradigm in strategic management.Vezetstudomny / Budapest Management Review, 47(5) 39-52. Quinn, R. E., Cameron, K. (1983). Organizational life cycles and shifting criteria of effectiveness: Some preliminary evidence. Management Science 29(1), 33-52.