King Lear – Jealousy Between Goneril and Regan

In terms of power, Lear becomes the complete opposite of what he is in fare One by the end of Act Two. The chump says, Now thousand art an O without/ a figure. I am better than thou art now I am a Fool, thou/ art nonhing (I. iv. 197-199). As the play progresses, the Fool points out that exponent Lear has become nothing. Misjudgment, betrayal and becoming nothing (I. iv. 199) leads King Lear into near madness by the end of Act Two. King Lear is very oblivious in the beginning of the play. His demanding personality reveals to the audience that he is blind to the truth.By asking his daughters, Which of you shall we say doth applaud us most (I. i. 53), it shows a vulnerable side of him because he craves being worshiped. Lear is more interested in listening to a speech on how marvellous he is, rather than leaving his empire in the hands of someone responsible. His thirst for compliments is so drastic that he even disowns his daughter for not worshiping him, also showing his lack of awareness because she truly loved him. We analyze Lear as a powerful character that puts himself in front of others in Act One.King Lear is so used to being treated like royalty that going from the most powerful person in England to virtually nothing in such a small amount of time nearly makes him fall into madness by the end of Act Two. Goneril and Regan are the main cause of this. At first, Lear was oblivious to their daughters plot to rule him out. Lear starts to catch on to this, and for the first time in the play, he is aware. After being abandoned by his daughters, Lear says O fool, I shall go mad (2. 4. 281), showing that he realizes the mistake hes made.At this point in the play, the status of King Lear and his daughters have completely shifted. King Lears intentions were never evil, only if his greedy actions were the cause of his fall. By the end of act 2, Lear gains more insight on what is really going on around him. different characteristics from Act One still remain , such as his hunger for authority The king would speak with Cornwall. The dear father Would with his daughter speak, commands, tends service. Are they informed of this? My soupcon and blood Fiery? The fiery duke? Tell the hot duke that Lear (II. iv. 91-96) Later on in the play, Lear says to Regan, I have a full case of weeping but this heart/Shall break a hundred thousand flaws,/or ere ill weep- O fool, I shall go mad? (2. 4. 281-283), at this point of the play, the audience feels gentleness for Lear. The Lear we see in Act Two is deprived of his powers through lies and evil tricks from Regan and Goneril. This has caused the King to become nothing, in contrast to the greedy and cruel King we see in Act One.

Plato on Justice Essay

Platos interpretation of cleanice as seen in ? The Republic is a vastly different one when comp ard to what we and even the philosophers of his own fourth dimension are accustomed to. Plato would say justice is the act of carrying out ones duties as he is fitted with. Moreover, if ones duties require one to trickery or commit some occasion else that is non traditionally viewed along with justice that too is considered just by Platos government notes in ? The Republic. I conceptualize Platos account of justice, and his likely defense against objections are both clear and logical, thus I will endeavor to argue his views as best as I end.Platos view of justice ties in with his view of a perfect world. In Platos ideal world, the society would be a wise one, wise in understanding that their own position in society is just. This society in turn, must carry out their duties fitted to them by their position. Unfortunately the real world does not function in that manner, Plato underst anding that ? fault with society tells us that if the society is lacking wisdom, the most wise ones would be philosophers, (473d) and society should consider them to be the authority.Plato sees that organism just is so innately important that everyone is better off being just than unjust, no matter the situation. Plato in 360e-362d uses Glaucon to make this point, Glaucon asks who is better off? The just or the unjust, given the premises that the unjust man is rich, famous, respected, and powerful and that the just man is poor, defamed, and lives a life of suffering. Platos only real way to manage this is to prove that justice is innately good and that injustice is innately evil simply prove the poor, defamed man happy and the rich, respected unjust man unhappy.Plato goes closely this by explaining what justice is justice has to do with doing what is right, and there exists some specific virtue in everything, which enables it to work well. If it is deprived of that nature, in con trast it would suffer. It is much the resembling with the soul, the soul must also perform its specific virtue. The more virtuous, or ? just a soul is, the happier the soul is. The happier the soul is, the happier the someone is. Therefore a just man lives happily and well, whereas an unjust man would not.This argumentation follows the a=b b=c therefore a=c argument form. some other objection, brought about by a radical and different theory of Justice is brought up by Plato in a conversation between Socrates and Thrasymachus. In this argument Thrasymachus defines justice as in the interest of the stronger. This basically means that justice belongs in the hands of the rulers, and that the rulers are whoever is stronger, therefore getting to a ruling position. Laws are then made, based on the ruling partys interest, and only theirs.Those who violate such created laws, will get punished for breaking the law and so on and so forth. Socrates completely disagrees with this theory of j ustice and gives the analogy of a physician who is studying and exercising his power is in fact doing so in the interest of his patients, not himself. In the same manner, the government will do what is in the interest of the people, and not of itself. Some unanswered objections that may come up against Platos idea of justice may target the part where he believes that philosophers are the only qualified individuals to run his ideal society.Plato believes that philosophers put up knowledge, I stir up a scenario where there are no more philosophers, perhaps because of a philosopher massacre, or one where there is simply nobody wise enough. One can easily make the argument that since philosophy is dealing with the same questions for the past 2500 years, that we are actually not wise, and in fact quite the opposite. I believe that for the most part, Plato has a successful account of justice. Platos criticism of then present theories of justice and his defense against the xxxxxx theorie s make sense logically.Furthermore, Plato was ages ahead of his time by arguing for equal rights among men and woman when concerning the guardians, unlike Aristotle who got almost everything wrong and most likely set philosophy and other sciences back centuries, I believe Plato was ages ahead of his time in understand that men and women are equal in at least the ? capacity to understand reality and make level-headed judgments about it. (454d) However just that fact does not lead to a proper defense against arguments.One thing a reader may give up a problem is that Plato seems to be showing a little Heidegger by alluding to a dictatorship which are ruled by the wise, namely, philosophers. Even if such a Nazi and Communist-esque dictatorship were to be implemented, I fear it would hit the same brick wall that other dictatorships face, the people will not sit idly by while they are told what to do. I believe that leads to a larger problem. Plato seemingly wants to hint more and more at an innate knowledge which includes justice, or if the person does not have this innate knowledge he can be taught in society knowledge and the just thing to do.I believe this poses a problem for Plato, if society innately knows the correct thing to do, but does not do it, then this is contradictory with the definition of justice Plato wants for us. And if there is one thing philosophers have insisted upon over time is that there are no contradictions. In its defense I do not know of any philosophical questions that have a complete answer, otherwise there would be no more philosophy. Even with the possible shortcomings, Plato argues his justice logically, and uses Glaucon and Adeimentus well, to show the strengths of his arguments.

Philosophy the Meaning of Life Essay

There argon many protestent celestial horizons as to what makes invigoration meaningful. Philosopher, Thomas Nagel, presents a earnest argument as to wherefore a Sisyphisian introduction is meaningless. This does not necessarily mean that all proceeds ar meaningless, because Ric grueling Taylor and Raymond Martin provide strong evidence that prove otherwise. According to Greek mythology, The Myth of Sisyphus, by Albert Camus, condemns Sisyphus to perpetually roll the same rock up a hill b atomic number 18ly to see it roll back down once he reached the top.Sisyphus scorn of the gods, his hatred of death, and his passion for flavourtime was the reason for his punishment and endless turmoil in accomplishing nothing (Camus 775). In Nagels essay The Absurd, his views on the meaninglessness of life and the irrationality of it, provide evidence that Sisyphus leads a meaningless life and how all people are condemned to lead this life. He points out that the absurd occurs in timately by the collision between the seriousness with which we take our lives and the perpetual possibility of regarding everything about which we are serious as arbitrary, or open to doubt(Nagel 769).In other words, the things people take seriously in their lives are always open to doubt. Nagel believes that human life leads absurd when the fruition of living an unreasonable life becomes known. Once the fundamental doubt has begun, it cannot be laid to rest(771). When people begin to doubt their existence, they search for answers that cannot be justified. Humans are capable of macrocosm self-conscious and self-inspiring which gives them the ability to step back and observe themselves from an outside point of view. This allows them to see the reality and pointlessness of their goals.Some people reach to escape the absurd and try to add meaning to their lives by giving themselves a role in something bigger. When Nagel says, a role in some larger enterprise cannot discuss deduc tion unless that enterprise is itself significant, he means that the larger enterprise cannot have meaning, unless the enterprise as a whole has meaning (770). According to Nagel, for something to be meaningful it must be objectively meaningful. For example, Sisyphus leads an objectively meaningless life because he is condemned to roll the pitfall up the hill forever and achieving nothing.Nagel says that the life of a mouse is not absurd because the mouse is not aware that it is only a mouse it does not have the ability to perceive its life exchangeable humans can. Absurdity is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the most human things about us a manifestation of our most advanced and interesting characteristics(774). The absurdity shows people that their lives are meaningless and when this is recognized, the logical conclusion is suicide. This resultant role to absurdity is not accepted rather it is suggested to keep on living in spite of the absurdity of life.If we relied hard on reason our life would have collapsed because relying only on reason would leave people with many philosophic questions, leaving them to dwell on the doubts of life (773). One way to achieve some concept of the meaning of life is to consider the meaninglessness of it as Richard Taylor has d integrity. Like Nagel, Taylor views the endless cycle of Sisyphus pushing the stone up the hill over and over again as a perfect example of a meaningless existence. Taylor proves that a life is meaningless if it is fagged in pointless and repetitive toil.Sisyphuss repetitive act of rolling a stone up a hill never gets him anywhere nor does anything come from it, and therefore his life is meaningless. However, Taylor came up with concepts that could provide some meaning and forecast to Sisyphuss life. First, if Sisyphus were still condemned to endlessly rolling stones up a hill, but instead of the stones rolling back down, they would become the foundation for a vast and beautiful indestructible templewith this construction going on and on, endlessly, and the temple gradually nice ever more beautiful and inspiring and capable of enduring to the end of time (Taylor 788).With these conditions, Sisyphuss actions now have a purpose because something results from his efforts and creates lasting significance but his efforts are still endless and therefore still have no meaning. He is still doing the same repetitive routine, and if the temple were to be finished, what thus? Taylor believes that the greatest evil that can be inflicted upon anyone is unrelieved boredom, which means that if Sisyphus were to ever complete his task he would become engulfed in boredom until he finds another task.Mankind continues the daily routine to escape this evil without projects and activities man would be bored. Taylor concludes that human life from an objective viewpoint is described as a clockworklike thing, without purpose or meaning because it leave always consist of a routine that impart never end (790). Another case in which Sisyphus life can become meaningful is if his strongest desire was to push stones up a hill, for this is what makes him happiest.This makes his life subjectively meaningful it is meaningful to him because it is fulfilling his desire. Taylor states Sisyphus, will view his life, not as one of hard labor, certainly not one of meaninglessness, buts as good because he is sentenced to forever doing something that he enjoys (791). This case still does not show a solely meaningful life because it is not whether he enjoys his existence it is if his existence has meaning, which is still spent in routine. Taylor concludes, the only genuinely meaningful existence is one that is creative(792).For instance, if Sisyphus was willing to roll the stones up the mountain to build an everlasting temple that is not only beautiful to his eye, but truly beautiful, in the eyes of every future generationwe have, finally, the perfect image of meaningfulness(792). Taylo r says that one can make anything meaningful by making it creative not only in the sense of creating physical objects, but also that creativity is a state of mind. Some can live meaningfully, by creating our own meanings, whether great or small, and thus literally glorying in them, caring not in the least what we get from it all(793).Having this creative sense leaves people able to find meaning everywhere. determination out the meaninglessness of life helped Taylor find concepts that could make life meaningful. Martins essay, A Fast Car and a Good Woman, addresses the tasks of both Nagel and Taylor by depicting his own meaning of life. He describes the difference between the problems of the meaning of life and the problems of life itself. Martin says that the problem of the meaning of life is the philosophical question of whether or not life can be worth living.Instead of focusing on this subject, Martin discuses how the problem of life, is a practical question of how to live ou r lives so that they are as worth living as they can be(Martin 1). Since there is no objective meaning in life as Nagel says, Martin does not try and find it, but tries to see what would make life meaningful in the psychological sense. Martin believes in practical wisdom, if we take proper care of our lives, questions of meaning will take care of themselves, that way people are not worried about the meaning of life.If someone worries about the meaning of life, like Nagel said, and tries to give it reason, it will result in madness. There are those people who cannot set questions of meaning aside Leo Tolstoy is a prime example of this kind of individual. When Tolstoy says, And I was perfectly unable to make any reply. The questions were not waiting and I had to answer them at once if I did not answer them, I could not live, he means that he needs to be able to understand the questions of meaning before he can move on with his life (1).Martin says that philosophical questions bring about existent anguish, for instance, when ones sense of security is lost because it was built on a foundation of unquestioned beliefs. For example, a person whose sense of security that rests on religious beliefs suddenly become subject to doubt, results in such suffering that calls into question the meaning of life. Philosophical questions normally only challenge the beliefs we depend on for security and not necessarily the meaning of life.Martin says that the suffering is not because of the philosophical problem of the meaning of life, but the sudden realization that our personal beliefs rest on uncertain assumptions. Nagel and Tolstoy both believe that philosophical challenges to the meaning of life are an important source of psychological problems(3). With this belief, Martins view of practical meaning is wrong. Not being able to overlook the philosophical questions of meaning will ultimately bring you down because of the realizations it brings.Nagel claims that there is not so lution to this, because the absurd cannot be avoided. Martin believes that when life is at its subjective best, that questions of the meaning of life do not arise. At this moment one has temporarily solved the problem of life because the thought of meaning did not arise. This statement makes practical wisdom valid because, when we are euphoric, questions about the meaning of our lives rarely ever become problems(3). To become happy one must take chances, and if one goes down the wrong path to happiness, it could lead to philosophical problems about the meaning of life.Taylor, like Nagel, uses philosophical questions differ between objective meaninglessness and subjective meaning. He views that life is objectively meaningless, but not completely meaningless. According to Martin, Taylor finds meaning everywhere and Nagel finds is nowhere. However, neither one is psychologically valid because they both rely on philosophical questions for their meaning. Martin says that Taylors view is too romantic and makes meaning too easy and Nagel is the opposite with an expert view, which makes meaning too hard.Martin agrees with a view suggested by Taylors discussion, that people have meaningful lives not when they are doing what they will to do but when they are doing what they love to do(4). Martin believes that life is not essentially meaningful but that it can become meaningful if one does something they love to do. When at ones subjective best, when not disturbed by questions about the meaning of life, are you also completely satisfied at this moment? According to Martin, it is close sufficient to being completely satisfied, but it does not last long.Since satisfaction doesnt last, then either we have to continually resatisfy ourselves or successfully and pleasantly withdraw ourselves from the fact that we havent(5). This is our fate, but it does not completely provide a solution to the problem of life. Therefore, Martin suggests that everyone is chronically unsatis fied. This repetitiveness is one of Taylors thinks to the meaninglessness of life, which is reason to why life is not essentially meaningful. To solve the problems of life one does what makes them happy, for Martin this consists of a fast car and a good woman. Happiness is different for everyone.Martins view on life seems to be the most reasonable and ultimately provides happiness for people. He avoids suffering by completely ignoring the philosophical question of the meaning of life. Nagel and Taylor both concentrate on this meaning of life, which lead to no happy results. At least Martin lives a subjectively happy life by not being troubled by the meanings of it. However, Nagels argument completely rejects Martins because according to Nagel, the absurd cannot be ignored once it is recognized. Martin clearly recognizes but puts it aside to make him believe that there is meaning.If someone lives a life believing that it is meaningless, then what is the point of living? For the reas on of assay to perceive any sort of meaning for human life is so that humans do not always live in doubt. Overall, life objectively has no meaning but that does not leave human existence in utter turmoil. The evidence that Taylor provides, gives us a sense of how there is hope for a meaning in life. Eventually concluding that life would need to be given meaning, purpose, variety, and the sense of creativity to become meaningful, the only meaningful existence is a creative existence(Taylor 792).This is the only meaning for the philosophical meaning of life. Taking Martins view, and putting aside philosophical meaning and taking the psychological meaning, gives humans a positive outlook on life by letting subjective happiness be the basis to the solution to the problem of life. any views of life are all based on the struggle to overcome doubt, so ultimately the itch of desire returnsuntil death ends the struggle perhaps forever(Martin 6).

An Account of the Purchase of a Television Set in Singapore

CASE 5 AN ACCOUNT OF THE PURCHASE OF A TELEVISION SET IN SINGAPORE scruple 1 What are the different stages in the buying process for a video fit out? What critical stimuli or events drive each stage? The buying conclusion process is a basic mental process. This process plays an important role in grounds how customers make their buying decision. In this case, the consumer are grooming to acquire a bigger idiot box set, which preserve be placed in their living room, while the current television provide be travel to their bedroom.Referring to the case, there are five different stages in the buying process for a television sets which are caper recognition, information search, evaluation of elections, purchase decision and post purchase behavior. STAGE MODEL DESCRIPTION a) Problem recognition * The buying process is start with problem recognition. A need can be activated through internal and external stimuli. * As a consumer, they dedicate to recognize a problem occurred a nd the needs of the new television set.In this, the external problem occurred when her parent in law decided to move in with them. The purpose of buying new television is to give more(prenominal) appropriate environment and to deflect conflicts with her parent in choosing the television programs. in any event that, it is to give a better perception to the relative. While the internal stimuli derived when * Their budget for the new television set is RM 1300 only. b) data Search * After problem recognition, the consumer tries to solve it and gathers the sources and information about the television set.There are four consumer information sources which is i) Personal sources ( family, relatives, friends, neighbors etc) ii) Commercial sources (advertisement, salesman, dealers) iii) Public sources (mass media, consumer rating organizations) iv) existential sources (handling, examining, using the products) * In this case, they have started browsing a newspapers and magazines, browsing an internet and website to compare the different models available in market. In order to get more information, they also get a recommendation from their friends and colleagues.Besides that, they also make a visit to the household shop to learn about the product specific in ally. c) Evaluation of alternative * After collected the information, the consumer have to clarify and evaluates the alternatives that they find out. First, they have to clarify a need of a new television set. * In this case, they plan to have a new television set when their parents decided to move in to their house. This is to avoid conflicts with their parents in choosing the television programs and to give a better perception to their family. Besides that, they have to look at the benefit from the product selected. As a consumer, they have to choose which television will give more benefit to them and can satisfy their needs. d) Purchase decision * Evaluation behavior leads the consumer to form a ranked set of preferences. In making buying decision, they will consider a few factors which is a) Attitude of others such as husband, family, relatives, friend. b) Anticipated situational such as expected family income, expected total cost of the product and the expected benefits from the product. ) Unanticipated situational as look or manner of the salesman * In executing a purchase intention, the consumer have to make up five sub decision a) Brands, b) Dealer c) sum d) Timinge) Payment method (cash or credit card) * At this stage, the consumer has to choose either JVC 29 flat screen or Panasonic 29. * For JVC 29 flat screen, the television set was came with four years warranty, special discounts of 15% and will get a free make JVC VCD worth of S$180. The model also has a futuristic look and matched with their furniture. However, the price was slightly higher than their estimated budget. While for Panasonic 29, the television set was come with one year warranty, no free gift and the price w as lower from their budget. * Finally, after evaluate and considering all the factors and recommendations, they have decided to purchase the JVC 29 flat screen model although the price exceeded their budget. e) Post purchase behavior * After buying and trying the product, the consumer will feel some level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction and the level of satisfaction depends very much on the expectation and the products perceived performance. In this case, the consumer is very satisfied and happy with the television set because it matches up to her expectations. Question 2 What are the social and psychological factors influencing the buying process for a television set? In the buying process of a television set, there are social and psychological factors that will influence the consumer. The social factors influences customer buying decision includes culture, subculture, social class, reference aggroup and family. Culture is the set of belief, attitudes and behavior patterns shared by members of the smart set and transmitted form one generation to the next.For example, most of the Singaporeans will spend much of their free time at home watching television. So the television set is an important household appliance for every family. Reference group includes a variety of groups that effect consumer behaviors through normative compliance. In this case, reference group that influencing them in buying process are referring to family consist of husband, wife, parents and relatives. While the psychological factors influencing the buying process of a television set are motivation, perception, learning and memory.Motivation will drive a person to act in achieving their needs. In this case, the consumer has many needs such as privacy, esteem, belongings and discomfort. In achieving their needs, the consumer will collect all the information and evaluate the alternative that they find out in choosing the best television set. Question 3 What lesson can be learnt fo r the marketing of television sets from understanding the consumer buying process and influences? Perception is the process when the consumer select, organize and interprets information.In this scenario, the consumer has been influenced by the salesman about the quality and performance of the television set after he explained the features and functions of the different models. The features of the message and the way it is communicated was influenced the consumer perceptions. Learning involves the changes in an individuals behavior arising from the experience. In this case, the consumer has learned from the salesman/salesgirl behavior, such as when they went to the Courts, no salesperson entertain them and at the Electric City & Best Connection, the sales person failed to give the best services to her customer.These bad experiences have change the interest of the consumer to buy television set with them. Memory is all about the information and experiences that have been encounter as they go through their life. In the stages of the buying television set, the consumer will influence with the far-famed and high quality brand of television in Singapore. In the marketing of television sets, understanding the consumer buying process is very important. As the marketer, they must distinguish needs, wants and demands of the consumers. They also have to consider all the buying process factors and try to provoke the feeling of risk in the consumer perception.

Organizational studies Essay

Prof. Andras Tilcsik, Rotman School of heed andras. tilcsikrotman. utoronto. ca (preferred contact method) https//portal. utoronto. ca/ 416-946-0610 (email preferred) 95 St. George St. , Room 7018 Thursdays 230-330pm & by appointment TBA Course Scope and Mission institutions ar exclusively around us in society we claim in them, work for them, rely on them for goods and services, and we be regulated and influenced by them. Understanding governings, therefore, is key to becoming more effective players in the system of ruless that we argon, or bequeath be, part of.Organization theory is the scientific study of how organizations function as collective social systems in their particular environment. Applied to business, organization theory primarily thinkes on how polar organizational design choices urge on or hinder the achievement of organizational goals (e. g. , profit, survival, growth) in competitive marketplaces. In this short letter, we allow explore organization t heory with an emphasis on understanding organizations as systems, and on the practical applications of these theories for organization management.The primary focus of our melodic phrase materials, analysis, and discussion will be on organizations ( non the people who comprise it). Thus, this head for the hillslike organization theory more generallyoffers a unique perspective for those interested in business and management. By the give the axe of the fertilize, you will achieve the spare-time activity to be aim a more effective organizational actor ? Familiarity with key elements of organizational structure, design, processes, and context 1 of 10 ? ?Skills in organizational analysis and the diagnosis of strengths andweaknesses capacity to apply organizational theory to real world organizations Course Prerequisites RSM260H1/ MGT262H1 Course Exclusions RSM360H1/ MGT363H1 Required subscribe toings ? ? Daft, R. L & Armstrong, A. (2012). Organization opening and Design (2nd Canadi an edition). Toronto Nelson. (ISBN-10 0176503684 / ISBN-13 9780176503680) Supplemental material will be occasionally pass on verboten in menage, or posted on Blackboard. Evaluation and Grades Grades are a mea accepted of the per stressance of a educatee in individual consorts.Each student shall be judged on the basis of how well he or she has command of the course materials. Work severalise Participation & Attendance individualist Short pen report Team Project Proposal Presentation Report C abided-book of a sudden quizzes Open-book final exam Bonus source 10% 15% 0%* 5% 30% 10% 30% (up to 3%) Due run into Ongoing January 28, 2013 February 11, 2013 Vari equal thwartch 18, 2013 Variable FAS final period (March 25, 2013) * Final pick up reports from groups that fail to relinquish the proposal on time will NOT be graded. 1. strain Participation & Attendance (10%) In each twelvemonth, I might randomly call five to six students to present their work or ideas or to lead na val division discussion at all time. It is likely that I will collapse the class by asking someone to summarize the readings or slip-ups briefly, or answer a short question. Please be prepared to participate in class by ensuring that you have read the designate material before class. I in addition strongly recommend taking breaker pointed in-class notes and reviewing them after class, slice the material is fresh in your mind. I expect you to attend every class on time, and chit for the inbuilt session.If you have an unavoidable conflict, which chance ons it impossible for you to attend a particular session, please notify me at least 24 hours in advance. 2 of 10 2. Individual Short Paper on Management Fads (15%) This date asks you to gather some nurture on a current and a past disposition or fad in management and give the causes and effects of these fads. This subsidization is explained in more detail in Chapter 5 of the textbook (p. 195, Chapter 5 Workbook Management Fads). Make sure that your cry all threesome questions in the concession.Your report should read like a coherent (short) essay, rather than just a manage of disconnected answers to disparate questions. If it is helpful for your analysis, you might consider how the institutional perspective on organizations (pp. 188-193) helps explain your findings. The authorship should be approximately 800 words, fictitious characterd double-spaced. Write clearly and concisely and indicate all your sources. If you are not sure where to start looking for information, or how you might think about these questions, please see me well in advance of the due date. 3.Team Project (35%) In aggroups of 5 to 6, you will analyze a eggshellor a set of oddballsby applying appropriate theories to generate insights about organizational theory, design, and change. The project also requires you to be creative in how you present the insights. More information about the final case project will be posted on Blackboard and provided in class on January 28, 2013. 4. Closed-book Short Quizzes (10%) To call d hold your overall eruditeness effectiveness, I will give 4 short pop quizzes through the semester. Your trounce 3 quiz scores will count towards your grade.Further details will be proclaimed in class. 5. Open-book Final Exam (30%) The final exam will be an open-book written examination, in which non-electronic digest are permitted. The final will cover all readings and course content (e. g. , lectures, class discussions). 6. Bonus attribute (up to 3%) Organizational scholars sometimes run experimental studies to running play innovative hypotheses. You can earn unembellished credits up to 3% by participating in look studies conducted through the Rotman Participant pond between January 7, 2012, and March 25, 2013.These credits will count towards your cumulative course grade, and your participation in a study will help contribute to cutting-edge research on organizational beha vior, marketing, or otherwise business issues. You will receive 1% extra credit for each hour of research in which you participate. To participate in a research study, sign up for an account online at http//rotman-credit. sona-systems. com. When you request an account, make sure you fill out all of the information accurately, including selecting the correct course and section, to ensure that you receive credit. at once you have an account, you may read over the descriptions of research studies that are posted online. When you identify a study in which you would like to participate, you may view available timeslots for that study and sign-up online to participate. Participation in the actual research study will take between 45 and 60 minutes. You will be debriefed at the end of the study, and you will be asked to answer a question about some aspect of the study. Once you justly answer the question, you will be given credit for completing one study.COURSE FORMAT AND EXPECTATIONS For create verbally Assignments Please note that clear, concise, and correct writing will be considered in the evaluation of all your written work for this course (i. e. , individual short paper, aggroup project report, and final written exam). That is, you may lose points for writing that impedes communication poor 3 of 10 organization, weak paragraph development, excessive wordiness, hard-to-follow sentence structure, spell out mistakes and grammatical errors. scholars who require additional support and/or tutoring with respect to their writing skills are encouraged to chit-chat the Academic Success Centre (www. asc. utoronto. ca) or one of the College Writing Centres (www. writing. utoronto. ca/writing-centres). These centres are teaching facilities not editing services, where trained staff can assist students in developing their academic writing skills. For Class Participation It is my hope that our class can serve as a riskless environment in which we all feel comfortable tes ting new ideas and pushing the boundaries of our thinking.This may be a different experience than you have had in preliminary classes, but exploring your ideas out loud by participating in the discussion will serve you well in other classes and in your approaching careers. I distinguish that some of you may be shy or uncomfortable speaking publicly and/or position is not your first language. If you are particularly worried about your in-class contributions, please check in deep down the first two weeks of the semester, and I can work with you in creative ways to help your contributions. in that location is, however, no alternative to participating in class discussions.But if you do fall into this house, please come see me early in the term, and we will work together to come up with ways to comfort your participation. There is no charge for the instruction and support. For Group Work The final project requires students to work in teams of 5 to 6. Learning to work together in t eams is an crucial aspect of your education and preparation for your future careers. That said, project-based teamwork is often new to students and you are therefore reminded of the following expectations with respect to behaviour and contributions to your team project.1. Read the entry entitled, Working in Teams Guidelines for Rotman Commerce Students which is available on the RC portal under the Academic Services tab. 2. When workings in a team, Rotman Commerce students are expected to Treat other members with courtesy and respect whiteness the ground rules naturalised by the team Contribute substantially and proportionally to the final project check into enough knownity with the entire contents of the group project/assignment so as to be able to sign off on it as original work Meet the project timeline as established by the team.3. Resolving differences Conflicts can and do occur. Conflicts are part of the teams process of learning how to work together effectively a nd can actually generate exciting debate and creative solutions if managed appropriately. Student teams are collectively expected to resolve disputes or misunderstandings as soon as they arise (and prior to submission of the final project). In cases where teams are unable to reach a mutually agreeable solution, the entire team essential meet with the Rotman Commerce Team heap** as soon as possible.The Coach will listen to the team and help develop options for improving the team process. All members of the project team must commit to, and, utilize their action plans. ** The Rotman Commerce Team Coach, Nikoleta Vlamis, may be reached 4 of 10 at nikoletanikoletaandassociates. com for an appointment. Nikoleta is an expert in team dynamics and facilitation. Note that Nikoletas role is to provide guidance, support and advice on team matters not to formally evaluate or assess teamwork for academic purposes. 5 of 10 WEEKLY SCHEDULE (subject to change)Session 1 Date Jan 7 Topic and case s Introduction Organization Theory & Design Textbook readings Chapter 1 2 Jan 14 Organization Design & Strategy Chapter 2 3 Jan 21 Organizational Structure Short Case Aquarius Advertising (pp. 124-127) External Environment & Inter-Organizational Relationships Final case project announced Organization Design in an International Environment Short Case Ivanhoe Mines (pp. 236-238) center(a) Point Taking Stock and Looking Ahead Case Tim Hortons (pp. 510-513) Chapter 3 Chapter 4 & 5 Individual short paper due Chapter 6 4 Jan 28 5 Feb 4 6 Feb 11Team project proposal due No class Feb 18 University Closed (Family Day). No Class. 7 Feb 25 Organization Size, Life Cycle, and Decline Short Case I Love Rewards Inc. (pp. 348-350) Organizational coating Short Case Closing the Gap (pp. 386-387) Innovation & Change Management Case The Hospital for loathsome Children (pp. 514-520) Chapter 9 8 Mar 4 Chapter 10 9 Mar 11 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Team project report due Chapter 13 10 Mar 18 Decision-makin g 11 Mar 25 Conflict, Power & Politics Final team presentations (1) Final Review & Debrief Final team presentations (2) 12 April 1 N/A TBA by FAS.FINAL EXAM All course materials 6 of 10 POLICY AND PROCEDURE Missed Tests and Assignments (including midterm examinations) Students who miss a test or assignment for reasons entirely beyond their control (e. g. nausea) may submit a request for special consideration. Provided that notification and sustenance are provided in a timely manner, and that the request is subsequently approved, no academic penalty will be applied. In such cases, students must notify Rotman Commerce on the date of the missed test (or due date in the case of course work) and submit supporting backing (e.g. a medical checkup certificate) to the Rotman Commerce Program Office within one week of the originally scheduled test or due date.Students who do not provide Rotman Commerce or the instructor with appropriate or adequate supporting documentation will be given a grade of 0 (zero). Note that the atomic number 101s report must establish that the patient was examined and diagnosed at the time of illness, not after the feature. The expertness will not accept a statement that merely confirms a afterwards report of illness made by the student to a physician.Late Assignments Assignments are due at the beginning of the class of the weeks specified in the outline. The grade will normally be reduced by 10% if the assignment is not received by the specified time, and by an additional 10% per day late. Students who, for reasons beyond their control, are unable to submit an assignment by its deadline must obtain approval from the instructor for an extension. Supporting documentation will be required as per the policy on missed tests and assignments. Accessibility Needs The University of Toronto is attached to accessibility.If you require accommodations for a disability, or have whatsoever accessibility concerns about the course, the classroom or course materials, please contact Accessibility Services as soon as possible disability. servicesutoronto. ca or http//www. accessibility. utoronto. ca/. Attendance of Other Sections I teach two sections of this class on Monday. You must attend the section in which you are registered. Under exceptional circumstances, however, you may attend a different section on the same day (each section will cover the same material) provided that you receive leave from me at least three days in advance.Email Policy & Office Hours At times, the course instructor may decide to communicate important course information by email. As such, all UofT students are required to have a valid UTmail+ email address. You are responsible for ensuring that your UTmail+ email address is set up AND properly entered on the ROSI system. For more information please visit http//help. ic. utoronto. ca/category/3/utmail. html Forwarding your utoronto. ca email to a Hotmail, Gmail, Yahoo or other type of email account is not advisable. In some cases, messages from utoronto.ca addresses sent to Hotmail, Gmail or Yahoo accounts are filtered as junk mail, which means that important messages from your course instructor may end up in your spam or junk mail folder. 7 of 10 Blackboard and the Course Page The online course page for this course is accessed through Blackboard. To access the course page, go to the UofT Portal lumberin at https//portal. utoronto. ca/ and log in using your UTORid and password. Once you have logged in, look for the My Courses module where youll find the link to all your course websites.If you enduret see the course listed here but you are properly registered for the course in ROSI, wait 48 hours. If the course does not appear, go to the Information Commons Help Desk in Robarts Library, initiative floor, for help, or explore the Portal Information and Help at www. portalinfo. utoronto. ca/students and review the Frequently Asked Questions. classroom Norms Consistent with the ge neral goal of mutual respect for all course participants, students are expected the following Attending the class. Each class benefits from the attendance and participation of all students.Your grade for participation will be affected by absences. You should sit in the assigned seat, if relevant, and display a legible name display board at all times. Arriving on time. Late arrivals are disruptive to both lectures and class discussion, and show slackness to those who are on time. Class starts 10 minutes after the hour. Minimizing disruptions. All cell phones and pagers should be glum off during class. You should not leave and re-enter the class. You should avoid engaging in side conversations after class has begun. Focusing on the class.Laptops, iPads, and other electronic devices should be turned off during class. Being prepared for class. You should be ready to discuss all assigned readings and to answer any assigned questions for each days class, including being ready to open a case assigned for that day. Respect. You should act respectfully toward all class participants. Prepare using only class materials. Before a case is analyzed in class, you should uncomplete read an analysis of the cases nor discuss it with students who have antecedently discussed it in class (either in a previous year or in a different course or section).Similarly, you should not share the notes handed in class with another student who may take the course at some later time. If you are in violation of this policy, or know of someone who is, please discuss it with the professor. How to Prepare for Class For all lectures ? Start by skimming the readings, looking at headings and subheadings to understand what the reading discusses. ? Then, delve into the readings and consider the following questions. What are the central points of the reading? Why are these points important? What is not addressed? What assumptions are being made?8 of 10 For cases While there is no set method of case preparation, one approach involves the following 1 ? Start by reading the textbook or any theoretical readings or articles that are also assigned. Consider what the case is designed to accomplishwhy this case, now, in this course? Use the other readings as a way to frame your reading of the case ? Read the exhibits (if any) first. What do they say about the case? Then, skim the case. ? Read the case. Take notes on important issues. deal links between the other readings and the assigned case.Apply any tools discussed in the other readings. ? Reread the exhibits (if any). ? Also, dont forget what weve learned in prior classes. Often, using our tools of analysis will give you new insights into a particular case. ? Its often helpful to summarize your perspective of the case on a single page of notes. It requires you to focus on the larger issues at hand, rather than feeling that every fact is important. ? Take a stand. What are the core issues in this case? Why are they so important? What should be done? What will happen if your idea is implemented?Academic rightfulness Academic Integrity is a fundamental value essential to the pursuit of learning and scholarships at the University of Toronto. Participating honestly, respectively, responsibly, and fairly in this academic community ensures that the UofT degree that you earn will continue to be valued and respected as a true signifier of a students individual work and academic achievement. As a result, the University treats cases of academic misconduct very seriously.The University of Torontos Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters http//www.governingcouncil. utoronto. ca/policies/behaveac. htm outlines the behaviours that constitute academic misconduct, the process for addressing academic offences, and the penalties that may be imposed. You are expected to be familiar with the contents of this document. Potential offences include, but are not limit to In papers and assignments Using someone elses ideas or words without appropriate acknowledgement. Submitting your own work in more than one course without the permission of the instructor. Making up sources or facts. Obtaining or providing unauthorized assistance on any assignment (this includes collaborating with others on assignments that are supposed to be completed individually). On test and exams Using or possessing any unauthorized aid, including a cell phone. Looking at someone elses answers Misrepresenting your identity. Submitting an altered test for re-grading. 1 This section borrows from Prof. Anita McGahans notes on case preparation (article forthcoming) 9 of 10 Misrepresentation Falsifying institutional documents or grades. Falsifying or altering any documentation required by the University, including (but not limited to), medical notes. All suspected cases of academic dishonesty will be investigated by the following procedures outline in the Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters. If you have any question about what is o r is not permitted in the course, please do not hesitate to contact the course instructor. If you have any questions about appropriate research and citation methods, you are expected to seek out additional information from the instructor or other UofT resources such as College Writing Centres or the Academic Success Centre. record Lectures Lectures and course materials prepared by the instructor are considered by the University to be an instructors mind property covered by the Canadian Copyright Act. Students wishing to record a lecture or other course material in any way are required to ask the instructors explicit permission, and may not do so unless permission is granted (note students who have been previously granted permission to record lectures as an accommodation for a disability are, of course, excepted).This includes tape recording, filming, photographing PowerPoint slides, Blackboard materials, and so on If permission is granted by the instructor (or via Accessibility Ser vices), it is intended for the individual students own study purposes and does not include permission to publish them in anyway. It is absolutely forbidden for a student to publish an instructors notes to a website or sell them in any other form without formal permission.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Law Essay

IntroductionOur assigned topic deals with a phenomenon that has taken the bodied orbit by storm rather recently, crashicularly in Pakistan. It entails the dilemma that every corporation faces when they discombobulate to derive decisions regarding the sures profit magnate and their corporations friendly answerability. The term in incorporatedd social responsibility came into common use in the late 1960s and early 1970s after m either multinational corporations formed the term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organizations roundivities acquit an impact. It was utilize to describe corporate owners beyond sh arholders.The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has developed exponentially in the last decade. Neverthe slight, on that point remains a lingering debate about the legitimacy and prise of corporate re save to CSR concerns. in that location ar different views of the function of the firm in society and disagreement as to whether wealth maximisation sh ould be the sole goal of a corporation.An escalating number of shargonholders, analysts, regulators, activists, labor unions, employees, biotic community organizations, and news media are enquire companies to be account commensurate for an ever-changing set of CSR issues. There is rising demand for transparency and growing expectations that corporations measure, report, and ceaselessly improve their social, environmental, and economic deed. agree to Business for Social Responsibility (BSR), corporate social responsibility is outlined as achieving commercial success in offices that honor ethical values and respect people, communities, and the infixed environment.Each society is at variance in how it implements corporate social responsibility, if it does so at all. The differences figure on much(prenominal) factors as any particular companys size, the particular industry involved, the firms affair culture, stakeholder demands, and how historically progressive the company is in engaging CSR. Some companies focus on a single area, which is regarded as the most important for them or where they have the highest impact or photographhuman rights or the environment, for examplewhile there are others who endeavor to incorporate CSR in severally and every one facet of their operations. For successful execution, it is fundamental that the CSR principles are part of the corporations values and strategic planning, and that the focus and employees, both are committed to them. Furthermore, it is important that the CSR strategy is aligned with the companys specific corporate objectives and core competencies.As CSR comes into contact with many of the problems conventionally enshrouded by government, resembling human rights and community investing, there is strong censure that societal problems are best solved by uncaringly elect government bodies as the resources of a corporation are gravely matched for addressing those social problems, and therefore, it is ar gued, they should not be misallocated.According to Friedman (1970), in a free society, there is one and only one social responsibility of business organizationto use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its lucre so long as it rest within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud. The idea is that the state should address social problems, supported by the argument that an executive, by taking silver and resources that would otherwise go to owners, employees, and saluteumers, and allocating them gibe to the will of the minority, and will fail to serve the interests of her or his principal. In this way, the executive imposes a tax and spends the wages for social purposes, which is insupportable, since she or he has neither the skills nor the jurisdiction to do so.On the other hand, there are many demands by others for corporate wedion of the CSR principles. Although the government is chiefly accountable for addressing those issues, the contribution of private firms gage be substantial. There is overly the argument of the shifting balance of power. According to the Organization of Economic Co-operation and discipline (OECD), of the 100 largest global economies, as indicated by their respective GDP, 51 of them are US corporations, and only 49 are nation states. So economic supremacy has shifted to the corporations they, therefore, should have an increasing role in and accountability for addressing social problems.For example, the government sets the regulations and the minimum standards for the leaseplace, but a company can further improve the work environment and the quality of living of its employees. A firm cannot stay oblivious to the problems of the environment in which it functions. The need of a nation states citizens, political unrest, and the exhaustion of natural resources can have ravaging effects for a corporation. For example, resources that are inputs in the product process and which, at the foundation of the industrial revolution, were teeming are now scarce, polluted, or diminishing in many regions of the entire planet.As one would expect, this imposes an duplication cost to the corporations and whitethorn force them to reposition or to cease operations. From one perspective, companies may be poorly equipped to address whatsoever of the social or environmental problems, but from another perspective, no field of study how poorly equipped, companies may still be best positioned to improve the problems. Undoubtedly, adopting the CSR principles involves costs. These costs might be brusk term in nature or continuous outflows.They may involve the purchase of new environmentally friendly equipment, the change of perplexity structures, or the implementation of stricter quality controls. Since being socially responsible involves incur costs, it should generate benefits as well in order to be a sustainable business practice. A co rporation could not draw out a policy that constantly generates negative cash flows. The shareholders invest their money in a corporation, expecting the highest possible hazard adjusted return. Therefore, being socially responsible should have bottom-line benefits in order to be sustainable.Socially responsible corporate performance can be associated with a serial publication of benefits with the final outcome. But in a lot of cases, it seems that the time frame of the costs and benefits can be out of alignmentthe costs are in the near future, whereas the benefits are not often realize until long periods of time have lapsed. Nevertheless, many benefits can be identified. Firstly, socially responsible companies have enhance brand image and reputation. Consumers are often attracted towards brands and companies with good reputations in CSR related issues.Therefore, a corporations brand equity is automatically enhanced. A company regarded as socially responsible can also benefit from its reputation within the business community by having increased ability to attract cap and trading partners. However, reputation is hard to quantify and measure it is even harder to measure how much it increases a companys value. But since companies have developed methods to measure the benefits of their advertisement campaigns, similar methods can and should be able to be applied in the case of corporate reputation. Socially responsible companies also have less risk of negative rare events.Furthermore, companies that adopt the CSR principles are more transparent and have less risk of bribery and corruption. In addition, they may execute stricter and, and then, more costly quality and environmental controls, but they bucket along less risk of having to bear in mind defective product lines and pay heavy fines for un callable polluting. They also have less risk of negative social events which damage their reputation and cost millions of dollars in information and advertising cam paigns. The scandals about childlabor and sweatshops that affect the clothing industry are 2 fine examples. Thus, socially responsible businesses should have more stable earnings growth and less downside volatility. Since companies that adopt the CSR principles carry less risk, when valuing those companies, a lower discount rate should be used. In the company paygrade this lower tail risk should be taken into account.There are also other cases in which doing what is good and responsible converges with doing the best for the particular business. Some CSR initiatives can dramatically reduce operating costs. For example, bring down packaging material or planning the optimum route for delivery trucks not only reduces the environmental impact of a companys operation, but it also reduces the cost. The process of adopting the CSR principles induces executives to reconsider their business practices and to sample more efficient ways of operating.Companies perceived to have a strong CSR allegiance often have an improved ability to attract and to retain employees (Turban & Greening 1997), which leads to reduced turnover, recruitment, and training costs. Employees, too, often evaluate their companies CSR performance to determine if their personal values conflict with those of the businesses at which they work. There are many known cases in which employees were asked, under pressure of their supervisors, to overlook written or moral laws in order to achieve higher(prenominal) profits. These practices create a culture of fear in the workplace and harm the employees trust, loyalty, and commitment to the company.Companies that improve functional conditions and labor practices also experience increased productivity and reduced error rates. Regular controls in the production facilities without the humans ensure that all the employees work under good conditions and earn living wages. These practices are costly, but the increased productivity of the workers and improved quality of the products generate positive cash flows that cover the associated costs. Thus, firms may actually benefit from socially responsible actions in terms of employee morale and productivity (Moskowitz, 1972).Literature fall overCSP is a global concept that encompasses those of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Social Responsiveness. It provides a lucid framework to explore business-society relationships by looking at the social impact of corporations with business criteria of performance measurement, such as quality, efficacy, effectiveness, innovation (Carroll, 1991 Wood, 1991). The challenge for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries is framed by a vision that was distilled in 2000 into the Millennium Development Goalsa world with less poverty, hunger and disease, great survival prospects for mothers and their infants, better educated children, equal opportunities for women, and a healthier environment (UN, 2006 3). The penetration of the social ground into corporate strategy has gathered momentum in the last years. The movement for CSR has won the battle of ideas (Crook 2005). By now, most well managed companies have adopted the practices and certifications mandatory in their industries, having gone through what Zadek (2004) calls the defensive and the accord stages of CSR.Managing the social and environmental footprint of economic activity is generally accepted as part of the cost of doing business. But much remains to be done. If companies are to move their CSR activities from satisfying expression and take their commitment to society and the environment to the next level, they will need to rethink their current approaches to CSR, tapping into the creativity of every individual. CSE, like all entrepreneurship, is not about managing existing operations or CSR programs it is about creating disruptive change in the hunt of new opportunities. It combines the willingness and desire to create joint economic and social value with the entrepreneurial redesign, systems development, and action necessary to carry it out. Accelerated organizational transformation faces a host of obstacles well-documented in the change management literature. Some people argue that media pressures the corporate managers and directors to behave in ways that are socially unexceptionable. Sometimes this coincides with shareholders value maximization, others not (Zinagales, 2002).Although there are several contested notions of what CSR should be and how it should work, there is some agreement upon what it broadly entails. A number of concepts and issues are subsumed under the heading of CSR, including human rights, environmental responsibility, regeneration management, sustainability, and philanthropy (Amaeshi & Adi, 2006), meaning that it is a complex area with an interdisciplinary focus. It is generally agreed that CSR involves corporations voluntarily exceptional their legal duties to take account of social, eco nomic and environmental impacts of their operations. Consideration of the social, economic and political context demonstrates how CSR forms part of a wider strategic direction being taken internationally with regard to market relations and the pursuit of a range of objectives and goals.The context is in part provided by concerns about the numerous examples of irresponsible behavior on the part of corporations, ranging from colluding with oppressive regimes and in the overthrowing of governments (Alston, 2005) to issues relating to working conditions and the impact of unethical marketing practices (Richter, 2001). Such examples have demonstrated the need for the worst excesses of business to be curbed. The globalised economy is understood to raise important issues for businesses and governments due to changes in patterns of production and consumption. In particular it is noted that the manufacturing of goods is highly mobile (Cassell, 2001263) and that supply chains are often dispers ed in various countries, creating difficulties in terms of legislation and regulation. Moreover, economic globalization presents challenges to the ability of states to protect peoples rights (Cassell, 2001).The notion of corporate social responsibility is part of the third way (Gond & Matten, 2007), where the role of the state is now to provide steering for the promotion of social development and social arbiter (Giddens, 2001 6). There is increased involvement of the private sector in traditionally statutory provision through privatization and public/private partnerships (Meehan, 2003). Economic policies have created a need for markets and business to self-regulate in order to continue to pursue an international free market economy, but also to ensure sustainability of economic, human and other resources, and of the environment. CSR is seen as a solution to these problems of regulation. The private sector is increasingly seen as a key player in the achievement of many national and international strategic objectives for governments, which is also enabled by CSR.MethodologyTo gather information, we used secondary research as our main source of information. Various academic journals and internet sources were pursued to give to the important aspects of the given topic. Moreover, since we thoroughly researched this topic, personal opinions were formed and using those and logic, we justified our opinions accordingly.How can business persons act in an ethically and socially responsible manner and at the same time make profits?Suppose exculpatedting is profitable and legal, but is nonetheless regarded as environmentally irresponsible under prevailing social norms. Can management of a timber corporation decline to clear-cut its timberland even though that sacrifices profits? One might be tempted to evade the question by claiming that being environmentally responsible is profitable in the long run, either because it preserves the forest for future harvesting or becau se it maintains a public goodwill that aids future sales. But suppose, in an incautious moment, management admits that the present value of those future profits from not clear cutting cannot hope to match the large current profits that clear-cutting would produce. Or, more realistically, suppose a takeover bid by a firm known to clear-cut establishes precisely that proposition by offering far more than the stock price that reflects the current watercourse of profits.Can management reject the profitable takeover bid on the grounds that it will lead to socially undesirable clear-cutting? The answers to these questions will challenge the introductory law and economics account on corporate social responsibility, which goes something like this. Unless modified by statute, traditional fiduciary duties require corporate managers to further the interests of shareholders, and thus require them to maximize corporate profits subject to the obligation to comply with independent legal constrai nts. ethical motive and social responsibility are very important values in business ventures.This is particularly all important(p) in decision making process. Ethical conscience reminds business persons to make trustworthy and profitable business decisions. Likewise, the social responsibility component requires business persons to make entrepreneurial decisions that can enhance benefits and repelling harms to the stakeholders. The canonical law and economics view holds that corporate managers do and should have a duty to profit-maximize because such send is socially efficient given that general legal sanctions do or can redress any harm that corporate or non-corporate businesses inflict on others.If certain conduct imposes excessive harm on others or chastitys taxation, then an independent law should regulate and impose liability or taxes whether or not the actor is a corporation, and if the conduct does not impose any impermissible harm or merit taxation, then the most socially desirable thing for corporations to do is maximize profits. Other stakeholders could either legitimately protect themselves by contract with the corporation or have their legal protection provided by judicial gap-filling of such contracts. Part of what makes this account canonical is that it helps define the boundaries of the corporate law field. It leaves corporate law scholars free to ignore issues about any effects the corporation may have on the external world as topics best addressed by other legal fields, and to focus on more amenable models about which corporate rules would maximize shareholder value.

An Analysis of Kurtz in the Heart of Darkness

warmth of Darkness tells the tale of a piece of music named Marlow and his quest to find the almost mythical figure of Kurtz. Kurtz is a station chief working for a Dutch trading company at the very complete of the congou river. Kurtz, on with the other station chiefs who are working at various stations on the Congo river, are charged to harvest the plentiful natural resources of the large African continent, primarily ivory. Marlow, who is an experient sailor and river boat pilot, is charged by the company that employs Kurtz to lead an expedition into the heart of the African Congo to find Kurtz and figure come out why he has stopped shipping ivory.Marlow eventually finds his man, barely to see that Kurtz has slipped into madness. Kurtz dies on the trip okay out of Africa, only to utter his last words, The horror The horror . Kurtz has also scribbled all over his report which he was to turn in to his superiors on the situation and people of the African continent. The scri bbling read EXTERMINATE ALL THE BRUTES. These two phrases hold important meaning in Heart of Darkness, as it describes how Kurtz really felt at the end of his journey. Kurtz was described several times to Marlow before and during the trip as a different type of man.This colonial period was famous for the hypocrisy of the European Empires, who in their recur edged mission of spreading the culture of the white man while harvesting resources of the foreign lands of the world, abominably failed on the former and were astonishingly successful at the latter. Kurtz was supposed to be a different sympathetic of man. He was described to Marlow as being a true humanitarian, a man who would not only turn a profit for the company but at the same time uplift and develop the natives of Africa.Marlow was immensely impressed with Kurtz and was eager to finally see the man for himself. What Marlow found couldnt have been nevertheless from the truth. When Marlow finally sees Kurtz and his compoun d for the first time, hes shocked to find that the man is almost held in reverence by the villagers. He has also taken an apparent mate from the villagers. Marlow concisely discovers that Kurtz used his arrival on the boat and his possession of firearms as a means to awe the villagers into accept him as their demi god.Marlow eventually finds Kurtz, who is by now extremely sick both physically and mentally, crawling along a jungle path at night towards a village celebration. Marlow cuts him off and decides that if Kurtz wont go with him of his own free will, he will kill him right then and there. Kurtz relents and allows Marlow to take him back to civilization. The next morning Marlow loads Kurtz onto the boat and they begin their journey back to Europe. It is during this trip on the river out of Africa that Kurtz, who is slowly dying, has a moment of clarity.His last words are The horror The horror . These words are symbolic of what Kurtz felt at realizing that he had become even more attack than the so called savages. Kurtz entrusts his written document that he was writing to Marlow. The papers were intended originally to be a humanitarian paper on the good Kurtz had done for the villagers. Scribbled across the papers now, were the words EXTERMINATE ALL BRUTES . These words are an satire for the mission that Kurtz intended to fulfill. His humanitarian mission had degenerated into a mission of violence and exploitation.He no hourlong intended to help the people of Africa, he intended to kill them and take as much from them as they could. Kurtz in the end revealed in his final words what becomes of a man who willingly walked into a tender land thinking he could be a savior to a people he ruling beneath him. In reality, he ended up turning into the true definition of a savage. He became a person who killed with no mercy in order to take what he wanted. In his moment of clarity, he realized the horror of the what he had become. His mission of exterminating the brutes had been successful until his sad, lonely death.