Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastrointestinal System

Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastrointestinal System Emily Joll Part 1- Explain the anatomy of the cardiovascular system and the role played by each of the major parts. (Word Count 400) The cardiovascular system is made up of specialized structures allowing it to effectively carry out its role of transporting blood and nutrients around the body and removing toxins. The cardiovascular system is a closed double circulation system consisting of the major structures of the heart and a network of blood vessels. The heart is structured into two sides which is then divided into two chambers, resulting in a total of four chambers. The system is known as a double circulatory system as the right half of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, becoming oxygen enriched, and back to the heart, known as pulmonary circulation (DLC Topic 1, 2014). The left half pumps the oxygen enriched blood around the body and then back to the heart, known as systemic circulation (DLC Topic 1, 2014). The top chambers of the heart are called atria, and the lower chambers ventricles. The atria are designed to receive blood from the body and pump it into the ventricles. This is a short distance for the blood to travel so the atria only lightly pump aiding the efficiency of the ventricles. This low level of action required results in the muscle walls of the atria are thinner than that of the ventricles. The atria and ventricle on each side are connected by atrioventricular valves. These valves prevent back-flow of blood int o the atria from the ventricles aiding the efficiency of the pumping action. When the ventricles contract the blood within them is pumped out of the heart to the body through the aorta on the left side, and pulmonary artery on the right. The arteries have very thick elasticated walls able to withstand the pressure exerted on them from the pumping action of the ventricles. Arteries pulse to aid the pumping action of the heart and movement of blood around the body. From the arteries the blood continues to move through a network of blood vessels, delivering oxygenated blood to the cells and removing toxins. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The pressure is less in the veins as the blood has travelled a long way since it was originally pumped. This results in the walls of veins being thinner. To aid the movement of blood back to the heart due to the lowered pressed, veins have values in them to prevent back-flow of blood. Capillaries are the small blood vessels that link the veins and arteries, and carry the oxygen and nutrients to the cells. The walls of capillaries are very thin to allow for the actual exchange of these gases and nutrients to take place completing the actual role of the cardiac cycle. Actual Word Count 434 References DLC Topic 1, 2014- Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness- The Musculoskeletal System, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Part 2- Explain the structure of the respiratory system by completing the table below. (Word Count 300) Actual Word Count 325 References DLC Topic 2, 2014- Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Jones, G. and Jones, M. (2004) Human Biology for AS, 1st edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness- The Musculoskeletal System, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Part 3- Explain the structure of the gastrointestinal system using the table below. (Word Count 300) Actual Word Count 330 References DLC Topic 3, 2014- Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness- The Musculoskeletal System, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness- The Musculoskeletal System, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone TAQ 2 (AC 1.2 2.2) Write a short account explaining how oxygen gets from the environment to the cells and vice versa. (Word Count 400) Oxygen reaching cells is vital to the life of an organism and is a complicated process involving the respiratory system and cardiovascular system working together. Working on a negative feedback loop, sensors in the carotid artery monitor the pH level of blood. Toxins that are produced by the body through energy use and respiration cause a build up of these in the bloodstream, which can be removed through exhalation. The medulla oblongata in the brain stem controls involuntary inhalation and exhalation of air and will increase or decrease the respiratory rate as necessary to regulate the pH level of the blood (DLC Topic 2, 2014). When signalled for inhalation to occur the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles between the ribs contract, increasing the volume of the chest and thoracic cavity, so the lungs and alveoli can expand. This decreases the pressure inside the chest and causes inhalation. Air enters the upper respiratory tract through either the nose or mouth, being filtered and warmed in the process, and is drawn down into the lower respiratory tract. Once the air reaches the alveoli gaseous exchange takes place. The alveoli walls are a s ingle cell thick and surrounded by a network of capillaries to allow the process to take place rapidly. The concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is greater than that in the blood in the capillaries so the oxygen moves with the concentration gradient by diffusion to increase the oxygen in the blood plasma in the capillaries. Haemoglobin in the red blood cells in the capillaries absorb the oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin. The oxyhaemoglobin then moves through the bloodstream due to the action of the cardiovascular system. Blood is pumped through the pulmonary vein into the left side of the heart, moving through the atria and ventricle to the aorta. The aorta is the main artery from the heart taking oxygenated blood out to the blood vessels of the body. This blood is pumped through the other arteries, veins and capillaries of the cardiovascular system. Once in the capillaries oxygen and nutrients are transferred to the cells through diffusion. Through this process waste products from c ells are also transferred back into the blood stream, e.g. carbon dioxide. The deoxygenated haemoglobin and the waste products then travel back through the blood stream to the heart on the right side. Once at the heart it is pumped back to the lungs where the concentration gradient of the products are uneven and are equalised through diffusion once more. The haemoglobin becomes oxyhaemoglobin, and the waste products e.g. carbon dioxide are diffused into the lower respiratory tract and expelled from the body through exhalation and the process repeats itself. Actual Word Count 439 References DLC Topic 2, 2014- Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiratory System [Course Materials] Distance Learning Centre 2014 Introduction to Cell Biology Topic 1 Introduction to Cell Biology [Course Materials] Livestrong online 2013- Livestrong How Do the Digestive and Respiratory Systems Work Together?, Hendrickson. K, online accessed 18.05.2015 available at: http://www.livestrong.com/article/302607-how-do-the-digestive-respiratory-systems-work-together/ Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness- The Musculoskeletal System, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone TAQ 3 (AC 3.2) Using examples give a short account of the role of enzymes within the process of digestion. (Word Count 300) As soon as food enters the mouth the role of enzymes in the chemical digestion of food begins. As well as saliva, the saliva glands in the mouth release the enzyme amylase beginning the process. Here immediately the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates starts. Once the food bolus formed in the mouth is swallowed and reaches the stomach further chemical digestion occurs. The lining of the stomach walls contain several cells with secrete chemicals that enable digestion. Many of the enzymes released are highly corrosive so work together to protect the stomach itself whilst continuing chemical digestion and destruction of microbes found in food. Microbes, which carry disease are killed by the action of the enzyme hydrochloric acid, released by parietal cells. This hydrochloric acid, activates an inactive enzyme in the stomach, pepsinogen, resulting in pepsin. This is the resulting enzyme which enables the breakdown of proteins to amino acids. Once digestion has taken place in the stomach the result is a liquid known as chyme which is secreted into the small intestine. Within the small intestine the brush boarder enzymes are housed amongst the villi and microvilli (DLC Topic 3, 2014). Brush boarder enzymes are a collection of different enzymes which line the small intestine working individually, and together to activate inactive enzymes, to continue the breakdown the different components within the chyme. The enzymes here aid the digestion of fats and of starches into simple sugars. Enzymes play a vital role in the gastrointestinal system as they enable the foods to be broken down into their chemical components which are useful to the body and can be reabsorbed for use or eliminated through waste. Actual Word Count 271 References DLC Topic 3, 2014- Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] TAQ 4 (AC 3.3) This unit discusses the systems that supply the cell with everything that it needs. How do the three systems discussed function in supporting the cell? Part 1- Cardiovascular system (Word Count 100) The pumping action of the heart and the blood vessels in the cardiovascular system, creates and facilitates a continuous flow of blood products, oxygen and nutrients around the body. This creates a replenishment system, delivering products required by the cells through diffusion in order for them to function efficiently. This system also creates a removal system for toxins and waste products from the cells. These products are removed from the cells back into the bloodstream through the process of diffusion where they can be transported away from the cells for elimination from the body. Actual Word Count 94 Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 1 The Cardiovascular System [Course Materials] Distance Learning Centre 2014 Introduction to Cell Biology Topic 1 Introduction to Cell Biology [Course Materials] Part 2- Respiratory system (Word Count 100) The respiration system facilitates inhalation of air into the body, supplying the oxygen that every cell in the body requires to function. There is a percentage of oxygen in the air which is diffused into the bloodstream from the alveoli in the lower respiratory tract. The respiratory system not only brings oxygen into the body, the bloodstream and therefore the cells but also provides a pathway for waste gases to be expelled from the body through exhalation, removing toxins from the system that would otherwise overload it and cause cell death. Actual Word Count 91 Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiration System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 2 The Respiration System [Course Materials] Distance Learning Centre 2014 Introduction to Cell Biology Topic 1 Introduction to Cell Biology [Course Materials] Part 3- Gastrointestinal system (Word Count 100) The gastrointestinal system provides a pathway from the mouth to the anus for food entering the body to exit as bulk waste once the goodness from it has been absorbed by the body. It facilitates the mechanical and chemical digestion of food to its component parts that can then be reabsorbed by the body for use in the cells as energy or to create new proteins as required or expelled. Through its use of enzymes this system supplies the cells with the minerals, vitamins, water, essential amino acids and ions they require to function effectively., whilst removing unnecessary food bulk through the elimination of faeces. Actual Word Count 105 Reference List Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] Bibliography Distance Learning Centre 2014 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal Systems Topic 3 The Gastro-Intestinal System [Course Materials] 1

The Importance Of Water In Islam Theology Religion Essay

The Importance Of Water In Islam Theology Religion Essay In Malaysia, after Pakatan Rakyat party successfully conquering Selangor state from Barisan Nasional party since 2008, they have launched a lot of initiative welfares for Selangor residents. On 13 March 2008, Selangor State Government has announced the implementation of Merakyatkan Ekonomi Selangor (MES) agenda to improve living standard of Selangor residents. There are 14 agendas included in MES and one of them is free water provision for the first 20 cubic meters water domestic consumers who using individual meters in Selangor starting from June 2008. Selangor State Government offers first 20 cubic meters water which equivalent to 20,000 liters or 5.680 gallons per month for free. This benefit is for all Selangor people regardless of their economy status, race or political affiliation. Other than that, the main objective of this welfare is to reduce the burden life especially for low-income groups as a result cost of living and the inflation rates are continue to increase. At the same time, it is of the holistic and integrated components to restructuring water management in order to provide more efficient and effective service. Through this program, Selangor State Government bear the average cost of rebate RM 11.00 per month for each user. Then, the record payment by the Selangor State Government is stated in bill received by each user from SYABAS (Selangor Water Supply Company). Besides that, 20 cubic meters of free water supply is only eligible for domestic consumers who use individual meters. For domestic users who use bulk meters in condominiums and apartments, they need to change to individual meters to enjoy this free water. Change of bulk meters to individual meters is subject to the conditions set by SYABAS. As the result, currently more than one million people who use individual meters enjoy it especially low cost apartment dwellers. Until July 2012, over RM 6 million was spent on free water to residents of low-cost apartments through Safwa Scheme (Free Water Rebate Scheme). According to Housing and Property Selangor Board (LPHS) report, 92% or 58, 049 units already received. While the remaining 8% or 6, 666 units failed to implement the rebate claim due to labor shortages in Joint Management Body (JMB). This positive action shows the governments responsibility toward public welfare. In Islam, this is a good example because the leader should take care of their people. However, some consider this program involves high costs and will affect the allocation of funds provided by the Government of Malaysia to Selangor state. In Islam, the leader should manage the public properties to avoid waste for not so important activities. Therefore, a comprehensive study and analysis are needed to ensure that the program is consistent with Islamic law. 2. WATER ACCESIBILITY ANALYSIS 2.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN ISLAM Historically, all ancient civilizations in the world began in area that has water resources such as river or seashore. For instance, Mesopotamia civilization began at Euphrates and Tigris River, China civilization began at Huang He River and India civilization began at Indus River. This fact shows that they are really rely on water in their daily life. Water from the river is used to irrigate agricultural areas, cooking, bathing and others. Based on Al-Mujam Al-Mufahras book, water or al-ma in Arabic was mentioned 63 times in the Al-Quran. According to Naser I. Faruqui, water is very importance in Islam. It is a blessing from Allah that gives and sustains life, and purifies humankind and the earth. It is based on Allah words in verse 65 of Surah Al-Nahl: And Allah sends down water from above, and therewith gives life to the earth after its death. Surely there is a sign in this for a people who listen. Besides that, Allah said all beings is made from water. According to the research, the earth is covered with 3/4 water and the human body contained of 3/4 water. In verse 30 of Surah Al-Anbiya: Do not those who disbelieve see that the heavens and the earth were closed up, so We rent them. And We made from water everything living. Will they not then believe?. Due to water is very important resource for every people regardless rich or poor, Islam declared that everyone has the right to a fair share of water consumption. This claim is emphasized by the hadith reported by Abu Dawud that Rasulullah said Muslims have common share in three things: grass (pasture), water and fire (fuel). In addition, the Prophet forbids Muslims hoarding the excess water and he is obliged to allow others to use it. The Prophet stated: Among the three people Allah will ignore on the Day of Resurrection are a man who possessed superfluous water on a way and he withheld it from the travellers. This hadith was narrated by Al-Bukhari. https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR8g4Uk3P9ItU0f-ejiXhXQbYkshXwyH6OQ1Ic463fu1Fuk030Chttps://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsOS628HbJuBc5CBTS7_dg-mbQo9POI1BgyGI90Ns8hB9hHBFF Tigris-Euphrates River in Egypt and Huang He River in China use for irrigation 2.2 TYPES OF WATER IN ISLAM In Islam, water is essential for the Muslims to purify themselves such as perform ablution (wudhu) before the prayer and perform obligatory bath (ghusl) after having sexual intercourse. One of the conditions, these actions is necessary to use pure water to make it valid. Thus, the absence of clean water will make it difficult for Muslims to manage their daily life and to worship to Allah SWT. In reality, there are different types of water in this world and not all water is suitable for human. Basically, the water covers around 70% of the earth and it is very exposed to other elements that can change its original condition. Thus, this requires human wisdom to determine whether the water can be used or not. In Fiqh Taharah or Islamic Hygienically Jurisprudence, Islam has divided water into three main parts which pure water and can purify other things (tahur), pure water but cant purify other things (tahir), and water containing dirt which not pure and cant purify other things (mutanajj is). First major category is pure water and can purify other things (tahur). This water can be divided deeper into mutlaq water and musyammas water. For mutlaq water, it remains with the original nature of its occurrence have been made by Allah. It is water that has not been mixed with dirt, water reservoir that is more than two tanks no longer used and not mixed with other substances. In addition, the water is still mutlaq water even thought it has changed due to abandoned for long period in soil, moss and stagnant areas. In addition, if the water continuously flowing but contain sulfur it still categorized as mutlaq water. This is due to water is in liquid condition and difficult to differentiate it. For two tanks measurement, the length and the width is 60 centimeter or 22.5 inches respectively with depth 62.5centimeter or 25 inches. If the two tanks measurement is converted into the weight measurement, it equals to 174 liters or 190 kilogram or 11 kerosene cans. Besides that, there are eight types of water including in the mutlaq water which are river water, well water, rain water, dew water, sea water, snow water, spring water and tap water. The Prophet Muhammad also ordered to use mutlaq water to clean the dirt. This evidence is based on Abu Hurairah narration: a Bedouin stood up and peed in the mosque, so his friends prevent it. Upon this Rasulullah said, leave him and pour a container of water over the urine. Indeed, you are asked to facilitate not troublesome. Then, according to Sheikh Abu Abdullah Husayn Nasir bin Muhammad Taib in his As-Subyan Hidayatul book :Not valid the purification unless water come from common qaid such as sugar cane, sugar, soap and such, and water from the sky such as rain and dew or water coming out of the earth such as sea water, river water and well water. On the other hand, musyammas water is quite different compare to mutlaq water. In Al-Badrain Matla book written by Sheikh Abdul Al-Fatani Faqir Muhammad Bin Ismail Daud Al-Fatani stated: Musyammas water is also pure water and can purify other things but abominable (makruh) to use it on the body. It afraid contributes to hairpiece disease when people used it. The position is permanent in a container and heated by sunlight in hot climate states. This matter very seriously considered by Rasulullah as in a story narrated by Baihaqi: From Saiditina Aishah indeed she is heating the water under sunlight, and Rasuluhlah SAW had said to her: do not do that O Aishah because the water can cause hairpiece disease. Literally, makruh means dislike, blamed and displeasing. It refers to leave anything not demanded by Allah but not prohibited to do it. Acts which are makruh are definitely discouraged but the evidence to prove they are forbidden is less strong. Thus, the commission of makruh acts is n ot blamed but its omission is preferable. Second major category is pure water but cant purify other things (tahir). This water can be divided more into mustamal water and muqayyad water. For mustamal water, the water is able to drink but not applicable for cleansing. According to Ibn Akhil in his book entitled Al-Mutaalim Zadul: Mustamal water is less than two tank that has been used for impurities such as has been used in ablution and bath or water that has been used in remove the dirt. After that, it is not valid to purify other things. Besides that, water from trees, fruits and roots also considered as mustamal water. Then, all water can change by two ways which are changing by taqdiri and changing by hissi. Changing by taqdiri means the water only change on taqdir (stipulation) and the changes cant be seen. So, mustamal water is under changing by taqdiri However, changing by hissi means the changes that can be seen. Mutlaq water is under changing by hissi. In addition, Syeikh Faqih Dr. Wahbah Al-Zuhaili argued that the a mount of water also affect water quality. For example is mustamal water become mutlaq water if the quantity more than 2 tank or 270 liter. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-yqC7mAxZFDm_EokEG4GS1YL51i57anICCbnTmuMqwbQWvy-THhsd-NvPP0uuCMccLEu3B8GJkvRij6oi1epJnpSHyeLU5dsefdmwSt3EhWFrhdyKnXSsPJ7NiJQ7uXzawA_vUrUuORE/s1600/embun.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nnUqsIEWWw4/UEkvF_5_9PI/AAAAAAAABkU/_9k9GRFtIFw/s1600/Sungai+Kehidupan.jpg https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNU8ypGExVFof7WLdN_QbD9Lj5-Xrb5H6gpKuepHybXWCmINZpaH8sn2B8ORDOI5IsbEDdRBp1uQHS5WqCr5kYwDseUm95mXC48gm_lotxodwXYu7oxpKhddc386tv-GRm_0kA_YLtE80/s1600/Salji+memutih.jpg Dew water, river water and snow water are some sources that can be used for mutlaq water Next, water is mixed by two ways. First way is through mujawir. This means the water changes because there is something that can be separated from the water. For example, a person put a stick in a pail to stir the water in the pail. Then, the stick can be pulled out from the pail. Then the water is still regarded as pure water. Second way is through mukhalit. This means the water changes because there is something that unable separated from the water. For instance, a person put the fruit flavor in a pail of water. It is impossible to separate fruit flavor and water to their original condition. Then the water no longer exists as pure water as has changes to mustamal water. In contrast, muqayyad water is water that is mixed with something pure that changing one of the characteristics. For instance are coffee water, sugarcane juice and soap. In Islamic view, parameters for water quality are based on the chemical and physical characteristics of smell, taste, color and temperature. Then, qayyad on water is divided into qayyad lazim and qayyad musfaq. For qayyad lazim, it means substances attached together until it absolutely different from pure water such as coffee and honey. Although pure, it still cant be used for purification because already mixed with variations of water. However, for qayyad musfaq, it means substances detached among each other and not affect pure water such as rain water and well water. Thus, the water is still cited as pure water. Third major category is water containing dirt which not pure and cant purify other things (mutanajjis). There are three main conditions regarding to mutanajjis water which unable for purification. First condition is water containing less than two tanks even though the water does not change color, smell and taste. Second condition is water containing more than two tanks but has changes color, odor and taste due to the dirt. Third condition is water is mixing with clean substances but has the color, smell and taste. In terms of language, dirt is defined as dirty things such as blood, urine and feces. In terms of syara, dirt is defined as all the impurities that prevent validity for pray. There are three types of dirt according to their hierarchy and all the dirt must be purified using mutlaq or pure water. The lightest dirt is mukhaffafah. It is the urine of baby boy who only eat breast milk and less than two years old. The cleansing methods are by wash and wipe the urine before sprinkle the pure water on the place. The moderate dirt is mutawasittah. It is including blood, pus, vomit, saliva, alcohol and others. The cleansing methods are washing until lost any nature color, smell and taste before cleanse by pure water. The heaviest dirt is mughallazah. It is the dirt relate to dog and pig. The cleansing methods are by wash once by soil water. Then, continue washing by using pure water for six times until loss any nature color, smell and taste. If still not gone, repeat the washing method. 2.3 THE WATER MANAGEMENT IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES In December 1998, the Workshop on Water Resources Management in the Islamic World was held in Amman, Jordan. One of the discussions is implementation approaches for water demand management (WDM) within the context of Islam. The approaches are water conservation and wastewater reuse. In water conservation approach, they argued supply of water is fixed. Thus, water management is needed to ensure the amount water supply is enough with the amount of water used. This opinion can be approved in verse 18 of Surah Al-Mukminun: And We send down water from the sky according to certain measure, and We cause it to soak in the soil; and We certainly are able to drain it off (with ease). Human can use water in moderate way and not consume beyond the limit. If extravagant exist, Allah has right to take back His blessings. The Prophet also taught human to consume efficiently. According to Al-Bukhari: The Prophet Mohammad used to perform ablution with one mudd of water [equal to 2/3 litres] and used to take a bath with one sa up to five mudds [equal to 2-3 1/2 litres]. Currently, this water conservation approach shows positive impact when the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a health education program through mosques. The program included training imams on proper health practices, water conservation, water saving, proper sanitation and hygiene in the prevention of diseases. In addition, the imams then gave sermons about water conservation during the congregational Friday prayer. For wastewater reuse approach, they argued water should not be wasted. Thus, water should be used for beneficial purposes and use it in effective and efficient way. In verse 31 of Surah Al-Araf: O Children of Adam! wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place of prayer: eat and drink: But waste not by excess, for Allah loveth not the wasters. From this verse, Allah hate people who are wasteful in eat and drink. Normally, individual drinking water every day in their life because thirsty. However, if some people deliberately waste the water, others people might not able to drink sufficient of water. Reusing wastewater is an essential component of a demand management strategy because it conserves freshwater for the highest-value uses. In 1978, the Council of Leading Islamic Scholars (CLIS) in Saudi Arabia concluded in a special fatwa in 1978 that treated wastewater can be used even for ablution and drinking as soon as absence of health risk. This fatwa was concluded based on detailed study by scientists and engineers toward waste water condition and its short-term and long-term effects toward human health. https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSoqOSAOx-jkOGFXzuoHnGRRLp9YxRrEyJ9h43NZnWLDLZpKPlMBAhttps://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQSzWez8vfEZ2s1lOiiy2JAJYwffJC_oiFVrqNqQe0W-P0qUZfRJw Saudi Arabia Wastewater Treatment Plant at Riyadh and Al Hail Both water conservation approach and wastewater reuse approach was introduced before are classified as non-economic approach. However, in a book entitled Water Management in Islam, one economic approach which called family planning was added. Basically, family planning not directly reducing the average water consumption. However, it helps for further reductions in overall availability of water per capita. By family planning, the government can predict future reduction of water consumption as size of members per family smaller. When future result is known, it facilitates the government to provide systematic long-term planning in order to overcome future problems. However, the problem is family planning or contraception is new in Islam. During Prophet Muhammad era, most Muslims have big family members because it didnt have birth control regulations. Therefore, based on this situation, a few Islamic scholars believe that birth control is not allowable in Islam. Still, some others scholar said it is no strong evidence in Islam to support a ban on family planning. Moreover, they contend although the religion encourages having children, it is not obligatory. Finally, the contemporary jurists agreed that family planning is allowable in Islam with a few conditions must be followed. First, it is only permissible for married couple man and woman. Second, it should have the mutual consent of the couple and thirdly, the chosen method must truly controllable. As conclusion, three approaches stated before will provide some alternatives for Islamic countries to choose the possible method for their water management. The holistic assessment should be implemented according to advantages and disadvantages of each approach. For water conservation, the advantage it is not very large cost but the disadvantage may no full commitment from society. For wastewater reuse, the advantage it is able for countries which doesnt have abundant water sources but the disadvantage it covers very high cost for building plants and continuous treatment process. For family planning, the advantage it is the government able to predict future water usage but the disadvantage it will reduces number of Muslims population in that country. 3.WATER RIGHTS http://mes.selangor.gov.my/modules/content/content.php?page=air-percuma-setiap-bulan http://airkumalaysia.blogspot.com/2011/06/cara-menjimatkan-air.html http://web.idrc.ca/openebooks/924-0/#page_xx http://www.meed.com/sectors/economy/government/saudi-arabia-presses-ahead-with-a-wastewater-revolution/3007439.article http://istajib.blogspot.com/2011/04/air-dan-islam-sorotan-ringkas.html http://www.ustaznoramin.com/2011/03/pembahagian-air-dalam-islam.html http://www.ustaznoramin.com/2011/03/pembahagian-najis-dalam-islam.html http://www.al-azim.com/masjid/infoislam/ibadat/air.htm

Classroom Management Plan :: essays research papers

Management Plan Attendance: You are expected to be at all rehearsals and all events. During band camp, attendance is extremely important because you will miss that day’s new material, and may have to be written out of the show. It is very difficult for new members to make up what they have missed. Any conflicts should be handled IMMEDIATELY! ALSO Since the band functions as a single unit and not a group of individuals, Band performances are diminished by even a single absence. Hence, you will be at ALL band rehearsals and performances. It is the responsibility of the student to notify one of the Directors IN ADVANCE with a note or a phone call from the parent or guardian. Each request will be evaluated individually. Forged Excuses will be referred to the Principal’s office for disciplinary action. Unexcused absences from rehearsals will result in dismissal or other punitive measures. This will be considered on a case by case basis by the Band Director. Travel: We travel to events together and we return together. If a parent wishes to make other arrangements, they must submit a written note to one of the Band Directors, IN ADVANCE. The only exception is at the conclusion of an event; the parent must make personal contact with one of the Directors to verify that they are in attendance and will take responsibility for their child. Otherwise, students will ride the bus. Driving yourself, traveling with a friend, non-immediate family member, boyfriend, girlfriend, or neighbor is unacceptable. When in doubt, ask a Director. Other Guidelines To Note: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bus conduct will be exemplary at all times. The bus driver’s instructions must be followed. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only personal radios, tape, or CD players with headphones will be allowed. You must be seated at all times. Do not kneel or stand on the seats. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wear the correct designated clothing under your uniform. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The buses will be kept clean. All riders are responsible and no one may leave until it is clean. Uniform Care and Maintenance: Band uniforms typically cost $350 to replace. You are expected to return the uniform in the same condition it was issued. Replace all parts of the uniform neatly into the garment bag. In the Stands: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No one will play their instruments unless instructed to do so. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone will have their own music lyre with them. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently graduated band members may not distract, socialize, or sit with the band or color guard unless permitted by the band staff.

Essay --

â€Å"Either with your shield, or on it.† These were the words said by Spartan women as their men left for war. The meaning is clear: either return with your shield, alive and victorious, or return as a corpse. There are no other options. This mentality of â€Å"Spartans never retreat, Spartans never surrender,† and a lifetime of physical training produced in ancient Sparta an elite caste of warriors who dominated classical Greece for centuries. The Spartans were greatly respected during their day, causing one exiled King to say â€Å"the Lacedaemonians, when they fight singly, are as good as any in the world.† Time has done nothing to soften the praise felt for the Spartan warrior. Innumerable video games, films, and novels have represented Spartans as invincible warriors, the valiant Spartan phalanx standing strong against a horde of unending barbarians. Invariably, the Spartans have been represented as speaking of ‘freedom’ and ‘reason,’ versus the forces of tyranny and barbarism. While most wars the Spartans fought were against other Greeks, as the fractious Greek city-states were wont to do, invariably the popular culture accounts of the 20th and 21st century depict them as being pitted against the largest contemporary empire, the Persians, who, in an incredibly short period, were able to create the largest land empire the world had yet seen. The Persians surpassed the Greeks in many ways, and yet there are no Hollywood blockbusters about Cyrus conquering Babylon, or video games of Persian military feats. Modern popular culture has raised the Spartan to the highest pedestal of adoration, producing pulp of every kind to feed his flame. The Persians, meanwhile, have been brought low and demonized, even neglected. The questi... ...aging.† This logic struck Cyrus so much that he acted on the advice of Croesus and reclaimed the booty. Here Cyrus is portrayed as a rational, just ruler, who treats conquered subjects with restraint. This is in contrast to the loser in the struggle, Croesus, who, although Herodotus represents as wise and strong, is much too hasty. When he received the prophecy from the Oracle at Delphi of â€Å"If you attack, you will destroy a great empire,† in response to his question of whether he should bring the fight to the Achaemenids, he rushed across the river to attack Cyrus’s position, eager to destroy a great empire. Of course, the ambiguity of the oracle was his undoing, as it was his own Lydian empire that he destroyed. In this episode, Herodotus is not afraid to admit the faults of his Ionian Greek brethren, or to ascribe positive attributes to the Greek’s enemy.

Adult Development and Life Assessment Essay

1. Summarize the main ideas from the video and article in one paragraph each. A. Video – â€Å"The Science of Willpower: An Interview with Kelly McGonigal†* In this video Kelly McGonigal speaks about what willpower is to her and gives examples of what it could be. Kelly also speaks about reaching goals and how you need willpower to reach them. At last, Kelly talks about how technology plays a big part of today’s role but how certain approaches of it could benefit or damage our every day lives. see more:explain the benefits of using a personal development plan B. Article – â€Å"Academic Delay of Gratification, Motivation, and Self-regulated Learning Strategies†* In this article it talks about how delay of gratification can benefit in your educational assignments and tasks. Dr. Bembenutty also conducts a study on how male versus female can impact the result on the findings on the impact of decisions made by the students. 2. Using your own words, define willpower and explain what it means to you.* Willpower to me means anything and everything I am willing to do to accomplish a task or goal no matter what obstacle I face. 3. Think about a time in which you used willpower to delay instant gratification. Type to enter text PSY202: Adult Development and Life Assessment A. Explain what happened in detail.* B. While on the diet I am on now I have been in restaurants where I either couldn’t eat the food my family was eating or I had already eaten and needed to stick to my diet so I wouldn’t cheat. B. What were the results?* The results were that I stayed strong on my diet even though I wanted to  cheat and eat the foods that everyone else was eating I stuck to my diet and never gave up. C. How did you feel afterward?* Afterward I felt strong, proud, and knew that I could do this diet with no problem! 4. Think about a situation that you are currently facing as a college student that requires willpower and complete the items below. A. Describe the situation in detail.* A situation that I am facing is that I wake up early every day to take my kids to school and then watch the younger ones since they are not in daycare, then around three I go to work myself and don’t get off until eleven p.m. so when I come home I am exhausted but still have to either study, do an assignment, or complete a discussion. B. The links to the video and article recommend very specific ways to use willpower. Identify at least two strategies from either the video or the article that you can use to overcome the current situation so that you may achieve your academic goals. 1.* Kelly McGonigal speaks about how there â€Å"I will, I won’t, and I want) at 1:13 of the video The Science of Willpower. To me this helps by saying I will finish this assignment, I won’t quit, I won’t give up, and finally that I want to succeed and I want to earn my degree. PSY202: Adult Development and Life Assessment 2.* Kelly also talks about how being on your phone before bed can effect your sleep pattern, I usually try to be on my phone before bed to help make me tired and by not knowing that it can actually be bad for you helps because with not enough sleep your mind is not rested either. 5. Think about a situation that you are currently facing in another area of your life (personal or professional) that requires willpower and complete the items below. A. Describe the situation in detail.* B. A personal situation I am facing is that my wife and I are at a rough patch in our marriage and lately we have been fighting and now trying to overcome those fights and better our marriage. B. The links to the video and article recommend very specific ways to use willpower. Identify at least two strategies from either the video or the article that you can use to overcome the current situation. 1.* Once again I can use the â€Å"I will, I won’t, I want† technique to tell myself that I will be better for my family or, I will try my best to stay calm and talk. I won’t argue or I won’t say things to put my wife in a offensive position. Finally, I want my marriage to succeed and that I want my family to always be happy. 2.* I didn’t see another way that I could use it to benefit my marriage. 6. Enrolling at Ashford University validates that education is one of your core values. Identify three of your educational goals that align with this core value. 1.* Finish each class with no less than a 3.0 G.P.A. PSY202: Adult Development and Life Assessment 2.* Study every night I can and take time to thoroughly understand the topics at hand. 3.* Focus and dedicate my time to my education studies, readings, and assignments so I can succeed. 7. Explain how willpower encourages choices that are consistent with your three goals.* Willpower encourages these goals because it shows that I truly have to do anything and everything I can to make sure I succeed even though I am a husband, father, soldier, student, and then a full-time worker. I know I face many obstacles but having that willpower will push me no matter what.

Conflict Theory

The several social theories that emphasize social conflict have roots in the ideas of Karl Marx (1818-1883), the great German theorist and political activist. The Marxist, conflict approach emphasizes a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical method of analysis, a critical stance toward existing social arrangements, and a political program of revolution or, at least, reform. Marx summarized the key elements of this materialist view of history as follows: In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness (Marx 1971:20). Marx divided history into several stages, conforming to broad patterns in the economic structure of society. The most important stages for Marx's argument were feudalism, capitalism, and socialism. The bulk of Marx's writing is concerned with applying the materialist model of society to capitalism, the stage of economic and social development that Marx saw as dominant in 19th century Europe. For Marx, the central institution of capitalist society is private property, the system by which capital (that is, money, machines, tools, factories, and other material objects used in production) is controlled by a small minority of the population. This arrangement leads to two opposed classes, the owners of capital (called the bourgeoisie) and the workers (called the proletariat), whose only property is their own labor time, which they have to sell to the capitalists. Economic exploitation leads directly to political oppression, as owners make use of their economic power to gain control of the state and turn it into a servant of bourgeois economic interests. Police power, for instance, is used to enforce property rights and guarantee unfair contracts between capitalist and worker. Oppression also takes more subtle forms: religion serves capitalist interests by pacifying the population; intellectuals, paid directly or indirectly by capitalists, spend their careers justifying and rationalizing the existing social and economic arrangements. In sum, the economic structure of society molds the superstructure, including ideas (e. g. , morality, ideologies, art, and literature) and the social institutions that support the class structure of society (e. g. , the state, the educational system, the family, and religious institutions). Because the dominant or ruling class (the bourgeoisie) controls the social relations of production, the dominant ideology in capitalist society is that of the ruling class. Ideology and social institutions, in turn, serve to reproduce and perpetuate the economic class structure. Thus, Marx viewed the exploitative economic arrangements of capitalism as the real foundation upon which the superstructure of social, political, and intellectual consciousness is built. (Figure 1 depicts this model of historical materialism. Marx's view of history might seem completely cynical or pessimistic, were it not for the possibilities of change revealed by his method of dialectical analysis. (The Marxist dialectical method, based on Hegel's earlier idealistic dialectic, focuses attention on how an existing social arrangement, or thesis, generates its social opposite, or antithesis, and on how a qualitatively different social form, or synthesis, emerges from the resulting struggle. ) Marx was an optim ist. He believed that any stage of history based on exploitative economic arrangements generated within itself the seeds of its own destruction. For instance, feudalism, in which land owners exploited the peasantry, gave rise to a class of town-dwelling merchants, whose dedication to making profits eventually led to the bourgeois revolution and the modern capitalist era. Similarly, the class relations of capitalism will lead inevitably to the next stage, socialism. The class relations of capitalism embody a contradiction: capitalists need workers, and vice versa, but the economic interests of the two groups are fundamentally at odds. Such contradictions mean inherent conflict and instability, the class struggle. Adding to the instability of the capitalist system are the inescapable needs for ever-wider markets and ever-greater investments in capital to maintain the profits of capitalists. Marx expected that the resulting economic cycles of expansion and contraction, together with tensions that will build as the working class gains greater understanding of its exploited position (and thus attains class consciousness), will eventually culminate in a socialist revolution. Despite this sense of the unalterable logic of history, Marxists see the need for social criticism and for political activity to speed the arrival of socialism, which, not being based on private property, is not expected to involve as many contradictions and conflicts as capitalism. Marxists believe that social theory and political practice are dialectically intertwined, with theory enhanced by political involvement and with political practice necessarily guided by theory. Intellectuals ought, therefore, to engage in praxis, to combine political criticism and political activity. Theory itself is seen as necessarily critical and value-laden, since the prevailing social relations are based upon alienating and dehumanizing exploitation of the labor of the working classes. Marx's ideas have been applied and reinterpreted by scholars for over a hundred years, starting with Marx's close friend and collaborator, Friedrich Engels (1825-95), who supported Marx and his family for many years from the profits of the textile factories founded by Engels' father, while Marx shut himself away in the library of the British Museum. Later, Vladimir I. Lenin (1870-1924), leader of the Russian revolution, made several influential contributions to Marxist theory. In recent years Marxist theory has taken a great variety of forms, notably the world-systems theory proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein (1974, 1980) and the comparative theory of revolutions put forward by Theda Skocpol (1980). Marxist ideas have also served as a starting point for many of the modern feminist theorists. Despite these applications, Marxism of any variety is still a minority position among American sociologists. Functionalism is the oldest, and still the dominant, theoretical perspective in sociology and many other social sciences. This perspective is built upon twin emphases: application of the scientific method to the objective social world and use of an analogy between the individual organism and society. The emphasis on scientific method leads to the assertion that one can study the social world in the same ways as one studies the physical world. Thus, Functionalists see the social world as â€Å"objectively real,† as observable with such techniques as social surveys and interviews. Furthermore, their positivistic view of social science assumes that study of the social world can be value-free, in that the investigator's values will not necessarily interfere with the disinterested search for social laws governing the behavior of social systems. Many of these ideas go back to Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), the great French sociologist whose writings form the basis for functionalist theory (see Durkheim 1915, 1964); Durkheim was himself one of the first sociologists to make use of scientific and statistical techniques in sociological research (1951). The second emphasis, on the organic unity of society, leads functionalists to speculate about needs which must be met for a social system to exist, as well as the ways in which social institutions satisfy those needs. A functionalist might argue, for instance, that every society will have a religion, because religious institutions have certain functions which contribute to the survival of the social system as a whole, just as the organs of the body have functions which are necessary for the body's survival. Functionalist theories have very often been criticized as teleological, that is, reversing the usual order of cause and effect by explaining things in terms of what happens afterward, not what went before. A strict functionalist might explain certain religious practices, for instance, as being functional by contributing to a society's survival; however, such religious traditions will usually have been firmly established long before the question is finally settled of whether the society as a whole will actually survive. Bowing to this kind of criticism of the basic logic of functionalist theory, most current sociologists have stopped using any explicitly functionalistic explanations of social phenomena, and the extreme version of functionalism expounded by Talcott Parsons has gone out of fashion. Nevertheless, many sociologists continue to expect that by careful, objective scrutiny of social phenomena they will eventually be able to discover the general laws of social behavior, and this hope still serves as the motivation for a great deal of sociological thinking and research. RATIONAL CHOICE AND EXCHANGE THEORY {text:bookmark-start} {text:bookmark-end} SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM Symbolic interactionism, or interactionism for short, is one of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology. This perspective has a long intellectual history, beginning with the German sociologist and economist, Max Weber (1864-1920) and the American philosopher, George H. Mead (1863-1931), both of whom emphasized the subjective meaning of human behavior, the social process, and pragmatism. Although there are a number of versions of interactionist thought, some deriving from phenomenological writings by philosophers, the following description offers a simplified amalgamation of these ideas, concentrating on points of convergence. Herbert Blumer, who studied with Mead at the University of Chicago, is responsible for coining the term, â€Å"symbolic interactionism,† as well as for formulating the most prominent version of the theory (Blumer 1969). Interactionists focus on the subjective aspects of social life, rather than on objective, macro-structural aspects of social systems. One reason for this focus is that interactionists base their theoretical perspective on their image of humans, rather than on their image of society (as the functionalists do). For interactionists, humans are pragmatic actors who continually must adjust their behavior to the actions of other actors. We can adjust to these actions only because we are able to interpret them, i. e. , to denote them symbolically and treat the actions and those who perform them as symbolic objects. This process of adjustment is aided by our ability to imaginatively rehearse alternative lines of action before we act. The process is further aided by our ability to think about and to react to our own actions and even our selves as symbolic objects. Thus, the interactionist theorist sees humans as active, creative participants who construct their social world, not as passive, conforming objects of socialization. For the interactionist, society consists of organized and patterned interactions among individuals. Thus, research by interactionists focuses on easily observable face-to-face interactions rather than on macro-level structural relationships involving social institutions. Furthermore, this focus on interaction and on the meaning of events to the participants in those events (the definition of the situation) shifts the attention of interactionists away from stable norms and values toward more changeable, continually readjusting social processes. Whereas for functionalists socialization creates stability in the social system, for interactionists negotiation among members of society creates temporary, socially constructed relations which remain in constant flux, despite relative stability in the basic framework governing those relations. These emphases on symbols, negotiated reality, and the social construction of society lead to an interest in the roles people play. Erving Goffman (1958), a prominent social theorist in this tradition, discusses roles dramaturgically, using an analogy to the theater, with human social behavior seen as more or less well scripted and with humans as role-taking actors. Role-taking is a key mechanism of interaction, for it permits us to take the other's perspective, to see what our actions might mean to the other actors with whom we interact. At other times, interactionists emphasize the improvisational quality of roles, with human social behavior seen as poorly scripted and with humans as role-making improvisers. Role-making, too, is a key mechanism of interaction, for all situations and roles are inherently ambiguous, thus requiring us to create those situations and roles to some extent before we can act. Interactionists tend to study social interaction through participant observation, rather than surveys and interviews. They argue that close contact and immersion in the everyday lives of the participants is necessary for understanding the meaning of actions, the definition of the situation itself, and the process by which actors construct the situation through their interaction. Given this close contact, interactionists could hardly remain free of value commitments, and, in fact, interactionists make explicit use of their values in choosing what to study but strive to be objective in the conduct of their research. Symbolic interactionists are often criticized by other sociologists for being overly impressionistic in their research methods and somewhat unsystematic in their theories. These objections, combined with the fairly narrow focus of interactionist research on small-group interactions and other social psychological issues, have relegated the interactionist camp to a minority position among sociologists, although a fairly substantial minority. Bureaucratic Form According to Max Weber — His Six Major Principles Before covering Weber's Six Major Principles, I want to describe the various multiple meanings of the word â€Å"bureaucracy. A group of workers (for example, civil service employees of the U. S. government), is referred to as â€Å"the bureaucracy. † An example: â€Å"The threat of Gramm-Rudman-Hollings cuts has the bureaucracy in Washington deeply concerned. † Bureaucracy is the name of an organizational form used by sociologists and organizational design pr ofessionals. Bureaucracy has an informal usage, as in â€Å"there's too much bureaucracy where I work. † This informal usage describes a set of characteristics or attributes such as â€Å"red tape† or â€Å"inflexibility† that frustrate people who deal with or who work for organizations they perceive as â€Å"bureaucratic. Weber noted six major principles. 1. A formal hierarchical structure Each level controls the level below and is controlled by the level above. A formal hierarchy is the basis of central planning and centralized decision making. 2. Management by rules Controlling by rules allows decisions made at high levels to be executed consistently by all lower levels. 3. Organization by functional specialty Work is to be done by specialists, and people are organized into units based on the type of work they do or skills they have. 4. An â€Å"up-focused† or â€Å"in-focused† mission If the mission is described as â€Å"up-focused,† then the organization's purpose is to serve the stockholders, the board, or whatever agency empowered it. If the mission is to serve the organization itself, and those within it, e. g. , to produce high profits, to gain market share, or to produce a cash stream, then the mission is described as â€Å"in-focused. † 5. Purposely impersonal The idea is to treat all employees equally and customers equally, and not be influenced by individual differences. . Employment based on technical qualifications (There may also be protection from arbitrary dismissal. ) The bureaucratic form, according to Parkinson, has another attribute. 7. Predisposition to grow in staff â€Å"above the line. † Weber failed to notice this, but C. Northcote Parkinson found it so common that he made it the basis of his humorous â€Å"Parkinson's law. † Parkinson demonstrated th at the management and professional staff tends to grow at predictable rates, almost without regard to what the line organization is doing. The bureaucratic form is so common that most people accept it as the normal way of organizing almost any endeavor. People in bureaucratic organizations generally blame the ugly side effects of bureaucracy on management, or the founders, or the owners, without awareness that the real cause is the organizing form. Iron cage is a sociological concept introduced by Max Weber. Iron cage refers to the increasing rationalization of human life, which traps individuals in an â€Å"iron cage† of rule-based, rational control. He also called such over-bureaucratized social order â€Å"the polar night of icy darkness†. The original German term is stahlhartes Gehause; this was translated into ‘iron cage', an expression made familiar to English language speakers by Talcott Parsons in his 1958 translation of Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Recently some sociologists have questioned this translation, arguing that the correct term should be ‘shell as hard as steel' and that the difference from the original translation is significant. A more literal translation from German would be â€Å"steel-hard housing. Weber wrote: â€Å"In Baxter’s view the care for external goods should only lie on the shoulders of the ‘saint like a light cloak, which can be thrown aside at any moment. ‘ But fate decreed that the cloak should become an iron cage. † Weber became concerned with social actions and the subjective meaning that humans attach to their action s and interaction within specific social contexts. He also believed in idealism, which is the belief that we only know things because of the meanings that we apply to them. This led to his interest in power and authority in terms of bureaucracy and rationalization

Global Consumer Product

Bibliography Executive Summary Global Consumer Products Company, a well-established company decided to launch a new product range. That is Baby Soap ranges. Suddenly they identified a need of a Brand Manager for this product ranges. And decided to recruit a person externally. Since this was not pre-planned and the company is in a hurry to introduce their new product to the market, the recruitment and selection process was carried out within a very period of time.There were several major mistakes in the advertisement they repaper in order to publish on the newspaper. The company had failed to include the Job Description, Job Specification and a description about the company. Hence the advertisement was unable to attract enough number of candidates. Somehow they managed to select number of people to call for the initial interview. Marketing Manager and the HRS Manager were supposed to carry out this interview. But this was placed on the exact date on which the company had its monthly B oard meeting.Since it is mandatory for these two responsible managers to attend to that the interview was done hurriedly and selected two candidates for the last interview. As the CEO and the Marketing director had to participate in an exhibition through which their target was to create new customers for their new product, they are hoping to launch in the near future, the last interview took place but late. Mr.. Anton was selected as the Brand Manager. In the first week he was supposed to give an induction to make him familiar with the company and the Job. But he had to involve in the business activities from first day onwards.He was asked to come up with a strategic plan for branding no sooner he came. He didn't have proper knowledge and kills and also didn't have time to study the branding architecture of the new products. So the branding strategy and the action plan he brought was not successful when compared with the rival firms. And the product proved to be a failure from the v ery beginning. Mr.. Anton understood that his level of competency and technical knowledge was under the required level and hence he was denominated. Since the company target couldn't be achieved whole branding group was denominated. As a result Mr..Matron's probationary period was extended. That is the overall summary of the case study to be analyzed. Analysis: Issues involved in the case. Global Consumer Products Company (GAP), had planned a strategy to launch a new product range. (Baby Soap Ranges). Planning a new product is a long term procedure. Hence identifying the Manpower requirement in order to carry out the plan must be done along with the product planning. Because it is a part of the product launch. Failure to do so resulted in several issues including product being failed in the market. Key issues identified are discussed below. 1.Poor HRS Planning The key reason for all the issues discussed here is poor HRS planning. The GAP Company failed to identify the HRS requiremen t for the post of Band Manager, when they were planning the new product. This post can be considered a critical post, to which selecting a person is very difficult. Because, they are going to introduce a new product, I. E. Baby soap range to the market. In Sir Lankan context, the market for the baby soap is almost saturated with both local and imported baby soap products. Mostly the brands are now inculcated in customers and hence it is difficult to creep into this market and create an own brand.But knowing that, still deciding upon to launch this product, company is taking a huge risk. They need ample of marketing campaigns and plans and ways of making the brand familiar to the customers and create a new customer segment. It is, the brand manager who has the responsibility to work it out. Therefore company should recruit a person with vast experience and knowledge regarding Marketing and Branding of products. The study states that Mr.. Anton does not have the required level of expe rience and competencies to do it. But this was found out later.Required Brand Manager must have to have the enough competencies and skills plus a good understating about the industry and the monitors in order to create a very strong branding strategy to grab the market. He must have the talent to create a brand strategy which makes the product popular among the target customer segment. Since the company was in a rush to hire a Brand Manager within very short period of time, they didn't have enough time to create a suitable Job Description and a Job Specification to publish in the newspaper. Job Description describes the Job.The responsibilities, duties assigned to the Job, etc. Whereas Job Specification the type of person you wish to hire. His qualifications, skills knowledge and, competencies. Etc. This is yet again, another adverse result of poor HRS Planning. 2. Mistakes in the Advertisement The company was in such a hurry to hire a Brand Manager; they didn't give much of an atte ntion to create a professional attractive advertisement. The advertisement appeared on the newspaper was suffering from absence of several vital information such as Job Description, Job Specification and details about the company.After Effects: The company was failed to attract enough number of candidates. The cost incurred in the advertising was in vain, because the company made a wrong selection ultimately. Most suitable candidates have not applied for the post because of the lack of information provided. Study clearly says that because of the careless mistakes done by the company when doing the advertisement, their expectation on getting a pool of candidates was not fulfilled. Only very few applied, and among them there wasn't a single C.V. that will fit into the Job well.Since they have incurred a cost, and it is and extra cost plus a time consuming process to correct the mistakes and advertise again and get another round of C.v., they have decided to proceed further with the re ceived C.v.. 3. Mistakes and Failures in the Interview Process Marketing Manager and the HRS Manager once shortlist the available C.v. and called for interviews. Another mistake they did was, without checking the company's schedule, they placed the date of the interview.As a result they have scheduled the interviews on the exact date of monthly Board meeting was supposed to take place. Initial interview is the first time the candidates and employers met physically. Hence the interview should be well organized properly planned and should be done with a greater care. Because, we have to select a person who has the skills, knowledge, experience, and also the right attitude towards the Job and the company. Each and every candidate should be given same attention and same questions and evaluated on a fair manner.Since both the interviewers were in hurry to participate in the monthly Board meeting, which also has a similar importance, there is a question whether they did the interview acco rdingly. They were under a pressure to finish off the interview as soon as possible to present at the meeting. Questions arising with regard to this improper interview session: Were all the candidates given same time eroded? Were all the candidates asked same questions and in the same sequence? Were the candidates given enough time to describe themselves and give information?Were candidates being questioned stressing on the subject matter? (I. E. Were they asked questions relating to the post of Brand Manager, so as to get an idea regarding whether he/she has the capacity to work as the brand manager) Were candidates given time to ask questions about the company and the Job post? (Since the advertisement doesn't provide information enough, candidates must have questions ND doubts to clarify) Did interviewers pay attention on the candidates' behavior, non-verbal communication etc? Interviewer should have a free mind to interview people and observe them closely.They were in a hurry to go to the board meeting. Therefore they did the interview without paying much of an attention and interest. Still they managed to select 2 candidates for the final interview. They might have missed more competent candidates while they rush through the interview. 4. No Induction program Once a candidate is hired to any company, it is an essential aspect to give him/ her n induction program. Through that the new employee familiarizes to the company culture, and to the department he has to work plus introduce him to other employees with whom he/she has to work.Then he can get a better knowledge about the nature of the Job he has to perform, his peers, subordinates and superiors. In this case, GAP Company didn't give Mr.. Anton an induction to make him familiar with company's systems and processes. Instead he was directly put into his Job and was expected to work as there were lots of requests to the new product. At least he was not given knowledge about the new product range the compa ny is expecting to launch in the future, or the requests and demand placed on the product by the external parties. Even Mr.. Anton was not informed about the market company tried to create by visiting the exhibition.Correctly speaking Mr.. Anton should have been selected before the exhibition, so that he could have participated in it. Because, every decision was taken without his knowledge, and participation prior to his arrival. As the Brand Manager he must be a part of the decision making process as far as this new product is concerned. 5. Poor Performance of Mr.. Anton Mr.. Anton was not familiar with the systems and processes of the company. Also he does not have a good knowledge about the Job he has to perform, because as soon as he was employed, directly put into the Job.Then, with no time he was asked to develop a branding strategy for the new products range. Mr.. Anton faced a huge problem here. Because he did not have expected level of knowledge and experience in Strategic Management initiatives. He didn't have adequate time to study the Branding architecture of the new product. He has not exposed to such experience in his previous Job. He didn't have time to study the nature of competitors the company has to compete with, so that he could have created a Branding Strategy and an action plan to bring out their products.Therefore it is reasonable and natural that the strategy and action plan he created being failed. This made him understand that he is not suitable to this position. Especially he understood that he does not have the expected knowledge and experience to perform as the Brand Manager, Sometimes he had to listen to his subordinates when it comes to technical areas of the Job role. 6. Product fails in the market Ultimate result was the product range couldn't compete with the well establish rivals and it was at a failure. Branding team was not lead by a powerful manager, therefore in latter part hardly branding activity took place.Hence employ ees were denominated. They couldn't achieve the given targets. GAP lost the contacts the company managed to create in the beginning, and lost the market share. 7. Poor HRS practices in GAP All above issues created because of the poor HRS practices of the company. Even though it was not clearly mentioned in the text, the way they acted in recruiting Mr.. Anton implies that. HRS department has failed to fulfill certain duties and responsibilities placed on them. The whole process of recruiting, selecting and induction was not planned at all.HRS department had not planned for future HRS needs in the company. Didn't plan the Interview process properly. 1 . JDK and AS must be prepared carefully clearly mentioning the type of person and the nature of the Job he has to perform. 2. When advertising in public media, HRS division must be more responsible to make sure that every information is provided. 3. Scheduling the date of interview must be done without clashing with other programs n the company. Recruited employees must be given a proper induction. Evaluating the performance of the new employees.Had the HRS division done so the performance of Mr.. Anton as the Brand Manager, they could have identified the problem facing by Mr.. Anton. The issue could have been addressed earlier than this. Recommendations Mr.. Anton is employed as a permanent employee to this company, he cannot be terminate purely based on his poor performance. As the first step, company can arrange a proper training and development session for Mr.. Anton to give him an opportunity to enhance his knowledge on branding. It will help him to develop his technical competency required in his Job.Proper training will take some time for him to gain the expected level of skills and competencies, but still the company has to do it as there is no replacement and it was company's fault of providing insufficient information and recruiting the wring person. Another recommendation is to hire an external professi onal temporarily to develop a stronger strategy to relocate the product and reenter into the market freshly. This is costly option but still as the company has invested a huge amount on this new product and hence the opportunity cost is very high, company cannot discontinue the operations.And can make Mr.. Anton work under the hired external professional for some time. This will be an excellent on the Job training to him. When considering the situational factors, hiring an external professional to the company is a very good short term solution. The company can monitor the performance level of Mr.. Anton. If he shows improvements in the Job then the company can continue to keep him as the Brand Manager. The marketing team should implement some attractive and string marketing campaigns to reenter to the market. A very aggressive alternative is also is available.