Youth subcultures: Phil Cohen

Y offh sub agricultures Phil CohenA critical evaluation of the work of Phil Cohen in relation to our understanding of youth subcultures check to Cohen (1972), the re ripening of capital of the United Kingdoms operative crystalise neighbourhoods which favoured amicable elites or the gentry resulted in the marginalization of working class residents, loss of community of interests and disability of incarnate power in the East End. Thus, there was a breakdown of socio-cultural interaction and dynamics that direct to the phylogeny of youth subcultures. The objective of this paper is to examine Cohens perspective on the impact of rapid maturement in London to development in the 1950s which prompted the subcultures. These subcultures became a critical channel for kindization and policy-making action but also created distance with mainstream society that led to conflict and alienation (Fiske et al, 2009). Cohens (1972) perspectives, which were based on his examinations of the impa ct of Londons 1950s redevelopment highlights how public policies stool have such a profound prep ar on both(prenominal)body and sociable order and perception. Today, many cities, not only London be traffic with an influx of migration which has significantly increased intercultural interactions. Though these trends have the potential to enrich society, there is also the contest of having to deal with increased conflict and greater competition which often threatens already marginalized knowledge domains the most.In the 1950s, the city managers of London launched a rapid development project designed to revitalize the capital which still was not able-bodied to recover from the damages of the Second man War. This urban re pertlyal project was designed to attract in the alin concert residents as well as revitalize key areas of the city for trade and commerce. Many of the areas that were targeted for redevelopments were already resided in by working-class families who were then moved to what Cohen describes as fringe neighbourhoods. The areas were settled into by migrants who redesigned the areas according to their individual cultural and favorable backgrounds. This created a divide between neighbourhoods the new-fashioned development was for the friendly elite, young professionals and pie-eyed immigrants and the suburbs which housed the relocated residents were representatively known to be run-down and under true areas. As the discrepancy of quality of feeling became apparent to authorities, the city planning authorities sought mitigate the situation by launching the development of high-rise housing projects specifically for working-class families. City administrators also endeavoured to attract back original residents by dint of encouraging adjournicipation in new industries and trade and commerce channels.However, Cohen believes that the effort further marginalized these populations and increased the social and economic challenges of urban life . Cohen also gives p inventionicular attention to what he calls the collapse of matrilocal residence, a term which he uses to refer to the tendency of nuclear family extensions to reside in close proximity to each other. This further limits the power of families and individuals to sustain social ties and victuals systems which in turn is associated with the breakdown of shared values, mores and standards of conduct. Cohen also believes that the redevelopment created unique economic and social stress among the working class. He points out that post-World War II, many family enterprises, conventionally the spur of local trade and industries, were facing severe competition from industries and at the same cartridge holder, labour and experts were world channelled to these industries from traditional family enterprises. There was even a campaign for the latter it was deemed nationalistic to support the issue on these large private industries that suffered from the war. At the s ame time, there was also an effort to promote the modernization project as a national development agenda, to reposition the country as the leader of trade and commerce in Europe. The publicity is said to have severely hampered labour supply among community industries creating the notion of labour aristocracy.The population that was most affected by these trends were new entrants to the labour market. The transition between the working environment of their parents and the working conditions brought on by the redevelopment were significant according to Cohen because they required not only the accommodation of new labour conditional but also a new social, economic and policy-making order in very short period of time. To cope with the stress of these developments, according to Cohen, these populations created subculture groups to have a sense of identity operator and social reference. From this perspective, Cohen characterizes subcultures symbolic structures, not actually representing the individuals who make up the groups, representing a lifestyle or social perspective that does not fully conform to mainstream society. Identification of these subcultures can be made through a set of social subsystems which include their manner of dress, the music that is associated with them, the language or lexicon used, and the rituals and customs that are linked with membership or identity.According to a report developed by the World Bank (2009), the typical stress of community living are multiplies in urban settings because of the intensification of competition for resources, spaces and opportunities. At the same time, Rothwell (2003) points out that in time of stress, individuals need greater social reinforcement to be able to have a sense of security and belongingness. In the case illustrated by Cohen (1972) of Londons redevelopment in the 1950s, he suggests that the economic, social and policy-making challenges that the working class of the era had to deal with contri buted to the increase of urban stress and the breakdown of traditional support systems which in turn created the platform for the development of subcultures. Similarly, Majhanovich (2002) points out that the development of subordinate organizations is an indication that there are populations feel under-represented or unrecognized without necessarily becoming a functional organization. Thus, their organization is a delegacy of collecting power for representation or just recognition. This also supports Cohens (1972) assertion that subcultures are symbolic organizations, where membership is often individually defined and association can be only conceptual.Cohens definition of subcultures can be challenging but studying the examples that he provides is a great resource in understanding his perspective. both(prenominal) of the challenges in his definition lie in his characterization of the phenomenon as symbolical rather than a collective of individuals. Another area of difficulty is t he mechanism how youth membership in subcultures actually delays adulthood. Based on Cohens perspective, there is a suggestion is that there is almost a combative relationship between subcultures and mainstream society. This can be particularly apparent in view of his characterizations of subcultures as having Mohawks or being active in counter-culture movements. New research is more liberal, if not democratic, in its view of subcultures, noting that any group that creates an association with a particular mode of life or belief system that does not fully conform to social precepts can be considered as a subculture (Neuliep, 2006). However, this should be seen in the context of contemporaneous society were multifariousness is more widely recognized and is being lobbied for in all sectors and levels of society.Though Cohens paper is supposedly contain to 1950s working class London, he makes significant extensions from this population to include lower and middle class families. Esse ntially, Cohens main distinction is between what he considers the elite and what he considers as ordinary people. It seems that Cohen is grouping them together primarily because they did not have ready access to the areas that were eyed for redevelopment which implies that the population criteria used by Cohen was not based on socio-economic level but rather a geographic one. This raises some irritation regarding the demographic and psychographic homogeneity of these groups. In turn, this whitethorn have an implication on the conclusions made by Cohen on the social and psychological impact of the redevelopment project. However, this may not have an impact on his theories regarding the development of subcultures but will challenge the rationale he proposes for their initiation which he generally attributed to socio-economic stress. In tally studies developed by contemporary researchers such as Rothwell (2003) and Neuliep (2006) regarding the development of sub-cultural ethnic group s, they point out that motivations are more socio-politically oriented.Analysis of the Cohen texts also shows some deficiency in the evidence that he provides for his arguments. These are not to the degree that one questions the authenticity of his assertions but some of his more emotive ideas could benefit from statistics or corollary studies to support the assertion that the 1950s redevelopment in London is a primary reason for the rise in subcultures that developed in subsequent years. However, it should also be recognized that since the text is already dated and thus, contemporary readers may not be able to readily reformer(a) holistically to the social conditions and context that are being discussed. Both Majhanovich (2002) and Fiske and associates (2009) point out that these generational divides can have a significant impact on how conditions are perceived and ultimately, how relationships and correlations are going to be recognized. It is also this rationale that Cohen (1972) believes is the reason why some subcultures were constructed and perceived to be anti-establishment or to be non-conformist. It can also be one of the reasons why the subcultures are being associated with youth cultural and political movements young members of a society, when thrust into social independence, have to journey to orientation inculcated to them by authorities whose experience is based on an antecedent social context and may develop a sense of incongruity. At the same time, because younger populations may have less social investments and responsibilities, there is greater freedom for self-expression and in developing subcultures.Moreover, because growth and development are future-oriented and create social stress, younger members of a society who have yet to establish themselves are more vulnerable to its impact. According to Essess and associates (2001), perceptions of competition, identity and social roles are often issues that become critical to an individuals self valuation and thus, the need for approbatory social memberships. Cohen (1972) acknowledges the rationale for city planners for the redevelopment initiative but points out that they were remiss in mitigating its disconfirming impacts. Worse, the efforts to reverse the resulting problems only increased the problems by the dis determined working class families. Essentially, planners were not able to consider how the new social conditions can impact relationships, associations and identification of affected populations. Thus, these groups were not only further marginalized but were not equipped with access to traditional social groups to communicate their concerns or to lobby for action. In the article developed by Mueller (2005), peripheral populations are often sacrificed in the name of growth and development, however without the extension of the benefits of growth and development to these populations, quality of life cannot be raised. At the same time, the growth of disparities in social, economic and political status can be a source of conflict can then impede long-term growth and development goals.Cohens (1972) analysis of the impact of redevelopment of London in the 1950s marks a greater awareness of the impact of public policies to social, economic and political dynamics that will prevail. Though the motives shtup the redevelopment undoubtedly was motivated by the desire to improve the quality of life of all citizenry, Cohens makes a valid point in citing that he efforts contributed to the urban stress that working class families were already dealings with. However, the research would have definitely benefitted from more extensive empirical evidence or the corroboration of twin studies on the development of subcultures. In conclusion, Cohens paper provides critical insights on the impact of urban redevelopment to different populations, the changes in stress that can occur, and the responsibility of planners in ensuring that programs benefit the publi c as a on the whole and not just a few. In todays context of ever-increasing cultural and socially diversity, subcultures will likely grow. In the context of its publication, there is no doubt that Cohen provided critical insights into the issue of not only youth culture and politics but also urban, growth and development concerns as well. The challenge now is not so much to control these developments but to be able to recognize such trends as a part of the growing diversity of modern societies and how to utilize them support growth and development.ReferencesCohen, P. (1972). Subcultural conflict working class community in Gelder, K., (Ed) 2nd edition (2005) The subcultures reader, London Routledge.Cox, B. and Ephross, P.H (1998). Ethnicity and Social Work Practice. New York Oxford University Press.Esses, V., J. Dovidio, L. Jackson and T. Armstrong (2001). The Immigration dilemma The Role of Perceived Group Competition, Ethnic Prejudice and National Identity. journal of Social Is sues 57, 3 389-412Fiske, A. P., Thomsen, L. and Thein, S. M. (2009). differently embodying different relationships. European Journal of Social Psychology, Volume 39 1294-1297Majhanovich, S. (2002). Conflicting visions, competing expectations Control and de-skilling of educationa perspective from Ontario. McGill Journal of Education, April. Retrieved March 22, 2010 from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3965/is_200204/ai_n9030852Mueller, A. (2005). Whats Wrong With Economic Growth? Mises Daily, August 10. Retrieved March 22, 2010, from http//mises.org/story/1877Neuliep, J. W. (2006). Intercultural Communication A Contextual Approach, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.Rothwell, J. D. (2003). In the Company of Others An Introduction to Communication. London McGraw-Hill HumanitiesWorld Bank (2009). Poverty, Growth, and Inequality. PovertyNet. Retrieved March 22, 2010, from http//web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPGI/0,,contentMDK20263370menuPK342777pagePK148 956piPK216618theSitePK342771,00.htmlAnalysis of Modernism Norman Cantor and Fredrich NietzscheAnalysis of Modernism Norman Cantor and Fredrich NietzscheEnemerio GalvanIntroduction In this essay, an analysis of what is modern, is an inquiry to a broad movement which birthed many Avant Garde styles and redact -ism in Modernism beginning with Impressionism movement, French/ German Expressionism, Fauvism, Surrealism, and Abstract Expressionism to name few. Every movement questioned what is art, and what is Avant Garde, and as Butler suggests, what is going on? (p14). This cauldron of contemporaneousness overflowed into the early 20th century and beyond.Modernism range Modernism is an all-encompassing term of any art movements since the late 19th century that forever changed the fib of the liberal arts through the 20th century. The changes came about from philosophical views, propaganda, and criticism widely influencing, more specifically, artists. In the late 19th century, a cultural revolution, and revolt to traditional cole des Beaux Arts, in Paris France, where Henri Matisse would bobby pin professorship position. The academy of formal arts had been negating art and artist in the late 1860s. The French purplish Academy, and the bourgeois class rejected art and artists subjectively because their style (pure abstraction) it was non-conforming to formalist conventions and hierarchy of realism. The schools system and hierarchy of categorizing placed historical creates at the top, and oil paint as the medium of choice, but pure abstract painting was not acceptable at the academy.It was Gustave Courbet, in 1884, who did not accept rejection. Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), and Edouard Manet (1832-83) who paved the way for Modern art. However, this rejection birthed what Charles Baudelaire called, Avant Garde. Initially, with an register known as the Salon des Refuss of 1863.Norman Cantor (1929-2004) In its earliest tendencies, modernist art began the reductive pr ocess of Realism to Abstraction otherwise considered a cultural revolution and rise in consciousness pre-modernism are Reformation, Enlightenment, and Romanticism (M1_Session 3). Cantor is responsible for establishing and defining the characteristics of Modernism Being anti historicist taking a microcosmic view of things self-referential prefers to depict, or explore the non-ideal embraces the aesthetic of fragmentation recognizes the randomness found in the world strongly functionalist and concerned with techne recognizes the interactive nature of things Elitist new openness toward sexuality fearlessly considers the issues of jam culture tends towards moral relativism embraces the very Nietzschean nation that humanity is most authentic when engaged in the arts pessimistic vitality, and lastly Modernism is opening to pluralism, and multicultural influences. (M1_Session 6).Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a German philologist, poet, cultural critic and philosopher, and L atin and Greek scholar whose profound influence impacted Western philosophy, and its modern history. Nietzsche, had a difficult time growing up, and was frequently plagued with family and health problems. In 1864, he attended the University of Bonn where he met his friend Ritschl, and later, Nietzsche followed him to Leipzig University. It was in Leipzig where his views of godliness would never be the same (Nietzche vii). With his rearing, and health issues (of madness) and new perspective on religion was foreshadowing to his world view, and some of his greatest philosophical polemics on Western Culture such as reason, and virtue, morality nihilistic delusion and Apollonian and Dionysian he was after all considered a mad man. The first movement of the twentieth century, is Fauvism and it innovation was to project a subjective epiphanic and important experience (Butler p15). Meaning this is the new and now in art. In the early twentieth century was a period philosophers like Kant, Marx and Nietzsche, and the psychology Sigmund Freud where contributing influences which propagated an emergence of genres in spite of appearance the modern umbrella. In Christopher Butlers book, Modernism A Very Short Introduction, clearly suggests, and we shall see, epiphanic ways of coming to the truth(Butler p 15). In this statement Butler, affirms the subjectivity pertaining to consciousness, in that art too is subject to, its influences of criticism and philosophical ideals based on truth.Later, in the 20th century is the French Fauvist, Henri Matisse (1869-1954) is best known for pure communicatory colour and exaggerated forms to express emotion, emotive brushstroke cemented Matisse as Avant Garde artist in the early 20th century. In his painting Luxe, Calme et Volupt, 19041.This painting is a departure from Neo Impressionism that sets the stage for the Fauves movement as coined by Louis Vauxcelles. Per Dempsey, with its dexterous palette and subjective, emancipated use of colour, it creates an atmosphere and decorative surface (66).Meaning that by subjective Matisses colours and style is self -referential according to Cantor characteristics of Modernism, and is further reductive of humanism and more Apollonian way of life, the presumptive overwhelm of calmness. Another example of Apollonian system is his painting, Joy of Life (Bonheur de vivre Joie de vivre),1905-06.2 The scene depicts the figure in a leisurely and gestural quality, engaged in exhibitionist sensuality a new embrace of sexuality. The color palette is pure and complementary, mostly middle value.Next, Matisses European counterparts, the German Expressionists are Die Brcke (1905) and Der Blaue Reiter (1911). The German Expressionist where inspired and heavily influenced, by their native compatriot Friedrich Nietzsche, whose Nihilism, and the Apollonian and Dionysian philosophies characterized a darker view on humanism, truth, and the mask of the personae. Nietzsche believed that was modernity was lacking spirituality, and its all and empty faade, and materialistic (immoral) and heretic, and his manner was philosophizing with a hammer metaphorically to reveal the emptiness, and lack of humanistic substance (Delevati). Bold colors, dark lines, and angular lines was another reductive method of realism.