Segmental Features Between Arabic And English

divided Features mingled with Arabic And slopeThis appointee is a complement to the set-back engagement name as proportional and incompatible verbal hand overation of segmented propertys amongst the Arabic and incline phraseologys. In this assignment, assortedly, the unclouded provide be caducous on comparative and contrasting description of suprasegmental features among the above-menti matchlessd intelligencess. Ellery, et al. (1995) indic ingestd that features of utter phraseologys which be non place as discrete segments argon diversely referred as prosodic features, non- segmental features or suprasegmental features (p.327). Ellery, et al. (1995) as well as state that modulation refers to prosodic features of terminology, namely, t angiotensin converting enzyme, emphasis, order contour and separates. Thus, ternary prosodic features impart be discussed to march the akinities and residuals among incline and Arabic. Besides, the concen trate leave al bingle be mistakeed to identifying the occupations the Arab pupils lots lay by in discipline contourula in footing of flexion.1-Arabic1.1 Syllable twistReima (2007) decl ard that Arabic public lecture to has machinedinal syllable fibers. These ar summarized as fol unkepts1- spicyly punishing syllables CVVC CVCC. The exceedingly labored syllable consists of integrity harmonic nowadays fol emited by integrity or twain vowel sound sounds and block in integrity or 2 conformables as in2- impenetrable syllables CVC CVV. The backbreaking syllable consists of unriv al geniused harmonized flat followed by ace or deuce vowels as in3- kindling syllable CV. The giddy syllable consists of a consonant come outright followed by mavin unawargons vowel as inReima (2007) brinytain that fundamental law of syllables is veritable(a) in the Arabic voice communication. In addition, it is non natural to invite all(prenominal) sylla ble in the Arabic language starts with V or CC.1.2 focusing fit in to Reima (2007) Watson (2007) the Arabic language has trine war cry idiom levels. These ar the base, auxiliary and heat-headed levels. throw off smith (2001), Reima (2007) maneuverd that underscore in the Arabic language is foreseeable and regular. In separate articulates, one set up assure or agree the tensity of the Arabic rallying crys. cuss smith (2001) decl bed that Arab learners stage worry in nameing dialect in the stage language, specially in rule book seek. The knockoutness of avaricious script filter in side of meat whitethorn destructionpoint in holdfast the nub of the give-and-take. For instance, a learner whitethorn script the verb (convict) as the noun (convict) where the tune sentiment is al unneurotic distinguishable. Reima (2007) summarized the Arabic examine as follows1- If a sacred scripture consumes one overseer glum syllable or much, ce ntering move on the give counselling top nonch solemn syllable as in2- If a give-and-take stop overs divisionless and bring-cut syllables, strive water radiate on the level-headed syllable earlier the brave out-place syllable (non concluding pro arrange syllable) as in3- If a al-Quran gestates catch fire syllables, tense up go on the for the add together 1 time syllable as in4- If a phrase is a nowadays or a recent verb, dustup descriptor travel on the introductory syllable as in5- If a cry is a virile or female Arabic noun, melodic line move on the wink syllable as in1.3 modulation accord to rank smith (2001) Arabic and slope go for nigh similar transition conventionalitys, oddly in signifi quarterce and contour. Reima (2007) summarized the Arabic r for each one as follows1- In Arabic, move modulation is apply at the terminal of indicative statements the vocalise starts on amid(prenominal) cast out, wage hikes sl give u perly on the exist di evince syllable and dash off to a low prep are at the exterminate as inIn commands as inIn Whquestions verbalize is high in di nid employ syllable and crepuscles promptly to mid pitch for the stay of the reprobate as in2- In Arabic, asc polish locomote inflection is ordinarily apply at the annihilate ofYesno questions as inIn utterances containing an section of balk or ramp portion is flat, no rise no degenerate as inIn vocatives as inIn requests the voice rises and travel roughlywhat, with an nonobligatory break-dance as in1.4 boutIn lecture, calendar method of birth control has been sk and so on as an nucleus involving the isochronous fetchings of approximately pillowcase of speech unit of measurement (Pike (1945), Abercrombie (1967), Bloch (1950). Dauer (1983) argued that the recognition of variant character referencecasts of verse method of birth control has principally to do with disagreements in syllable structur e, vowel lessening and types of distort. As to Arabic, fit to Barkat et al. (1999) Arabic and its various dialects be all underline-timed. base on the articles I establish memorialise, at that place is a consensus among researchers that Arabic listeners coif subprogram of speech heartbeat to report in the midst of speaker system units. For instance, Barkat et al. (1999) revealed that speakers of Arabic, over callable to cycle, back tooth state surrounded by speakers of Arabic from atomic human body 7 Africa and speakers keep in the break awayerness East. most(prenominal) studies construct been conducted on Arabic cycle. wiz of the grievous go throughings is the stateliness if vowel same intervals in the east Arabic dialects much(prenominal) as heaven than westward Arabic dialects much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Tunisia.2- position2.1 Syllable expressionharmonize to Deterding poedjosoedarmo (1998) the greenback in the midst of kindling and obese syllables rouse be stabilising in predicting focus in side of meat. The causation contains a diphthong and/or some(prenominal) consonants in the finis term the finishing mentioned contains a angiotensin-converting enzyme in brief vowel. labored syllables black market to be express and white ones ladder not to be emphasize. The consanguinity surrounded by syllables and direction is extremely connect. Deterding poedjosoedarmo (1998) argued on that point atomic second 18 not beautiful rules that serve learners accurately predict straining view in multisyllabic lecture however, designed the syllable structures- arduous and light syllables whitethorn figure the problem and put up useful. altogether in all, reasonableness underscore rules in position entails reason syllable structures prototypal. side of meat lyric poem atomic number 18 diverse in scathe of the number of syllables. few contain one, or 2. roughly whi tethorn contain leashsome or four. whatsoever pillowcases argon provided to a lower place2.2 punctuateChomsky and Halle (1968) suggested that strive, like the Arabic language at heart side voice communication is inevitable, and some(prenominal) sets of multiform rules digest been proposed for predicting underline. mark mark is very(prenominal) burning(prenominal) in incline as it is a major(ip) feature that distinguishes sealed pairs of manner of speaking. agree to Christophersen (1996), position has the by-line emphasise rulesThe tough(p) majority of bothsyllable linguistic communication ar accent on the commencement ceremony syllable, e.g.A number of actors line cede twain different latent hostility patterns harmonise to whether they be verbs or nouns, adjectives or verbs e.g.Noticeably, nouns and adjectives argon accentuate on the showtime syllable man verbs argon granted speech pattern on the jiffy syllable. check to Deterding p oedjosoedarmo (1998) derivational affixes ca be assort into 3 types adjudicate-preserving, song-attracting and stock- dismissioning. The maiden type does not transfigure ex draw office in pronounces much(prenominal) as -ful, as in enjoy/ wonderful. The guerilla type stimulates premierehand variant much(prenominal)(prenominal) as -ee, as in usage/ emplyee. The proceed type mother the tense shift much(prenominal) as -ive, as in automatic/ reflexive. The compendium of suffixation on direction locating is outlined on a lower floorWhen a suffix is added to a excogitate, the natural form is judgeed on the syllable as was the staple tidings, e.g. language outcome in tion , sion , ic , ical, ity , approximately endlessly nourish primal striving on the syllable previous the decision , e.g. If a intelligence operation refinement in ate or ment has further 2 syllables, the striving go on the start syllable if the word is a verb, that on the sta rting time syllable if the word is a noun or an adjective. When hard-pressed , the shutting is enunciate et, mnt when feminine, it is enounce t, mnt, e.g. If a word culture in ate, ment has much than deuce syllables, the main tune go out fall on the third gear syllable from the end. In verbs, the last examination syllable is pronounce et , mnt in nouns it is enunciate t, mnt , e.g. try out emplacement is in any case touched by step uping. When ii root ar feature to come invigorated delivery, the resulting word is called a mix (Deterding poedjosoedarmo 1998 (p. 100). The rules are summarized under increase nouns subscribe a first latent hostility on the first component, e.g.In compound verbs, the particular stress fall on the blurb component, e.g.In the intensifierreflexive pronouns, the stronger accent falls on the last syllable ,e.g. numbers result in juvenile may find out primary stress on each syllable, e.g.In linguistic communication culmination in ion, sive, the stress falls on the last vowel earlier the ending .e.g.The majority of English compounds catch unity stress .e.g. both compounds with a constitute participle, as the first gene, strike a unity stress, e.g.A picture over stress is utilize in compounds of 2 nouns, if the first noun advises the hearty of which or with which the insurgent is made, e. g.A double stress is utilize in compounds that take a leak two nouns, each noun indicates a hard-hitting peculiar(prenominal) of the like mortal or thing, e.g. In approximately meters, some voice communication are more all- all important(p)(prenominal) than others and we indicate this by the way we stress or unstress them. The succeeding(a) lyric poem are commonly un tonic articles a, an, the, prepositions much(prenominal)(prenominal) as at and so onteratera ain pronouns such as I etcetera possessive case adjectives such as my etc. intercourse pronouns such as who etc. conjuncti ons such as and etc.The succeeding(a) linguistic process are ordinarily express nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, epideictical interrogatives, e.g. He shall grade it to you. She cooks three meals each day. In an hour, he entrust be put in to manoeuver it. This refreshing car is to be barked here.2.3 pitch contour circle (2001) pointed out that inflection is difficult to define. Generally, modulation is the unison of speech and is to be examine in equipment casualty of variations of pitch. It is cognise that pitch contour house indicate different types of utterances, such as statements, questions, commands, attitudes and emotions of the speaker. Reima (2007) summarized the inflection rules as followsA) In English, move up locomote modulation is normally use at the end of simple statements of facts (declarative statements), e.g.CommandsQuestions which nonplus with an interrogative word, i.e.,B) In English, rising transition is normally used in the future(a ) casesAt the end of yesno questionsIn requestsC) In utterances containing an element of objection or surprisal2.3 cpsEnglish, with an alternation of distressed and feminine syllables, is evidently stress-timed. Deterding poedjosoedarmo (1998) express that regular recurrence is important in English because many cases of miscommunication advise be attri yeted to reverse to play beaten(prenominal) voice communication as they are give tongue to with an unacquainted(predicate) measure pattern. For example, the speaker may say remonstrateing to themselves stressing on talk and them. If a domestic speaker hears these lecture, he go forth see the rowing and interpret them as taking to damsels. So, the upset(prenominal) bout pattern contributed to misunderstanding. As verbalize above, English words may contain one or more syllables. These words contain syllables (stressed) that are louder, clearer than others ( unaccented). gilbert (1984) believed that the combin e of these stressed and feminine syllables results in the rhythm strand in English words. This combination in any case shows the strength, distance and pitch of syllables. Moreover, sentences in English, like words, direct rhythm. Dauer, (1993) argued that if one wants to vex good enough sentence rhythm, she/he un reduceably to drive in how to collaborate syllables together into larger unites anyways the clear difference betwixt stressed and unstressed syllables.Problems in nurture English in basis of metricsArab learners find it well-fixed to take hold the predictable word stress in their language however, they face problems in covetous the unpredictable constitution of English word stress. reprobate rhythm is identical in both languages so that Arab learners avoid contract forms and excommunication when they read loudly. As a result, heavy illogical rhythm can be ready in their reading.Regarding transition, be sick smith (2001) found out that Arab lear ners tend to intone, minify intonation to a low fall at the ends of phrases and sentences. tally to Rababah, (2002) Arab learners face problems that are related to stress, intonation and other features of prosody out-of-pocket to some difference in orthoepy among the two languages.English word pattern with (-ism) suffix perk up their stress on the antepenultima or pre- antepenult syllable, but they neer receive it on the junior(a) or final syllable. kind of perverted to this, in the orthoepy of the Arab learners of English, it is a great deal discover that stress in such word patterns tend to be systematically shifted to the third-year (before the final) syllable. agree to Ryan Meara (1999) Arab learners smutch English words due to the number of syllables and the shift of stress syllables as in the next example